Prologue
(The scene represents a hut on a desolate mountain side; the river Inachus is visible in the distance. The time is the dusk of early dawn, before sunrise. The PEASANT is discovered in front of the hut.)
PEASANT.Old gleam on the face of the world, I give thee hail,River of Argos land, where sail on sailThe long ships met, a thousand, near and far,When Agamemnon walked the seas in war;Who smote King Priam in the dust, and burnedThe storied streets of Ilion, and returnedAbove all conquerors, heaping tower and faneOf Argos high with spoils of Eastern slain.
So in far lands he prospered; and at homeHis own wife trapped and slew him. 'Twas the doomAegisthus wrought, son of his father's foe.
Gone is that King, and the old spear laid lowThat Tantalus wielded when the world was young.Aegisthus hath his queen, and reigns amongHis people. And the children here alone,Orestes and Electra, buds unblownOf man and womanhood, when forth to TroyHe shook his sail and left them--lo, the boyOrestes, ere Aegisthus' hand could fall,Was stolen from Argos--borne by one old thrall,Who served his father's boyhood, over seasFar off, and laid upon King Strophios' kneesIn Phocis, for the old king's sake. But hereThe maid Electra waited, year by year,Alone, till the warm days of womanhoodDrew nigh and suitors came of gentle bloodIn Hellas. Then Aegisthus was in fearLest she be wed in some great house, and bearA son to avenge her father. Close he wroughtHer prison in his house, and gave her notTo any wooer. Then, since even thisWas full of peril, and the secret kissOf some bold prince might find her yet, and rendHer prison walls, Aegisthus at the endWould slay her. Then her mother, she so wildAforetime, pled with him and saved her child.Her heart had still an answer for her lordMurdered, but if the child's blood spoke, what wordCould meet the hate thereof? After that dayAegisthus thus decreed: whoso should slayThe old king's wandering son, should win rich meedOf gold; and for Electra, she must wedWith me, not base of blood--in that I standTrue Mycenaean--but in gold and landMost poor, which maketh highest birth as naught.So from a powerless husband shall be wroughtA powerless peril. Had some man of mightPossessed her, he had called perchance to lightHer father's blood, and unknown vengeancesRisen on Aegisthus yet.Aye, mine she is:But never yet these arms--the Cyprian knowsMy truth!--have clasped her body, and she goesA virgin still. Myself would hold it shameTo abase this daughter of a royal name.I am too lowly to love violence. Yea,Orestes too doth move me, far away,Mine unknown brother! Will he ever nowCome back and see his sister bowed so low?
Doth any deem me fool, to hold a fairMaid in my room and seek no joy, but spareHer maidenhood? If any such there be,Let him but look within. The fool is heIn gentle things, weighing the more and lessOf love by his own heart's untenderness.
(As he ceases ELECTRA comes out of the hut. She is in mourning garb, and carries a large pitcher on her head. She speaks without observing the PEASANT'S presence.)
ELECTRA.Dark shepherdess of many a golden star,Dost see me, Mother Night? And how this jarHath worn my earth-bowed head, as forth and froFor water to the hillward springs I go?Not for mere stress of need, but purpose set,That never day nor night God may forgetAegisthus' sin: aye, and perchance a cryCast forth to the waste shining of the skyMay find my father's ear.... The woman bredOf Tyndareus, my mother--on her headBe curses!--from my house hath outcast me;She hath borne children to our enemy;She hath made me naught, she hath made Orestes naught....
(As the bitterness of her tone increases, the PEASANT comes forward.)
PEASANT.What wouldst thou now, my sad one, ever fraughtWith toil to lighten my toil? And so softThy nurture was! Have I not chid thee oft,And thou wilt cease not, serving without end?
ELECTRA (turning to him with impulsive affection).O friend, my friend, as God might be my friend,Thou only hast not trampled on my tears.Life scarce can be so hard, 'mid many fearsAnd many shames, when mortal heart can findSomewhere one healing touch, as my sick mindFinds thee.... And should I wait thy word, to endureA little for thine easing, yea, or pourMy strength out in thy toiling fellowship?Thou hast enough with fields and kine to keep;'Tis mine to make all bright within the door.'Tis joy to him that toils, when toil is o'er,To find home waiting, full of happy things.
PEASANT.If so it please thee, go thy way. The springsAre not far off. And I before the mornMust drive my team afield, and sow the cornIn the hollows.--Not a thousand prayers can gainA man's bare bread, save an he work amain.
(ELECTRA and the PEASANT depart on their several ways. After a few moments there enter stealthily two armed men, ORESTES and PYLADES.)
ORESTES.Thou art the first that I have known in deedTrue and my friend, and shelterer of my need.Thou only, Pylades, of all that knew,Hast held Orestes of some worth, all throughThese years of helplessness, wherein I lieDowntrodden by the murderer--yea, and byThe murderess, my mother!... I am come,Fresh from the cleansing of Apollo, homeTo Argos--and my coming no man yetKnoweth--to pay the bloody twain their debtOf blood. This very night I crept aloneTo my dead father's grave, and poured thereonMy heart's first tears and tresses of my headNew-shorn, and o'er the barrow of the deadSlew a black lamb, unknown of them that reignIn this unhappy land.... I am not fainTo pass the city gates, but hold me hereHard on the borders. So my road is clearTo fly if men look close and watch my way;If not, to seek my sister. For men sayShe dwelleth in these hills, no more a maidBut wedded. I must find her house, for aidTo guide our work, and learn what hath betidOf late in Argos.--Ha, the radiant lidOf Dawn's eye lifteth! Come, friend; leave we nowThis trodden path. Some worker of the plough,Or serving damsel at her early taskWill presently come by, whom we may askIf here my sister dwells. But soft! Even nowI see some bondmaid there, her death-shorn browBending beneath its freight of well-water.Lie close until she pass; then question her.A slave might help us well, or speak some signOf import to this work of mine and thine.
Words in this poem 33
- storied a.
- Told in a story. [From Story.]
- fane n.
- A temple; a place consecrated to religion; a church. [L. fanum a place dedicated to some deity, a sanctuary, fr. fari to speak. See Fame.]
- shook v. t.
- To pack, as staves, in a shook.
- boyhood n.
- The state of being a boy; the time during which one is a boy. [Boy + -hood.]
- wooer n.
- One who wooes; one who courts or solicits in love; a suitor. [AS. wogere. See Woo, v. t.]
- aforetime adv.
- In time past; formerly.
- spoke n.
- The radius or ray of a wheel; one of the small bars which are inserted in the hub, or nave, and which serve to support the rim or felly. [OE. spoke, spake, AS, spaca; akin to D. speek, LG. speke, OHG. speihha, G. speiche. sq. root170. Cf. Spike a nail.]
- whoso pron.
- Whosoever. Piers Plowman.
- meed v. t.
- To reward; to repay. Waytt.
- shall v. i.
- To owe; to be under obligation for. [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen,]
- cyprian a.
- Belonging to Cyprus.
- deem v. t.
- To decide; to judge; to sentence; to condemn. [OE. demen to judge, condemn, AS. d, fr. d doom; akin to OFries. d, OS. ad, D. doemen, OHG. tuommen, Icel. dæma, Sw. dömma, Dan. dömme, Goth. d. See Doom, n., an]
- garb n.
- External appearance, as expressive of the feelings or character; looks; fashion or manner, as of speech. [OF. garbe looks, countenance, grace, ornament, fr. OHG. garawi, garwi, ornament, dress. akin to E. gear. See Gear, n.]
- shepherdess n.
- A woman who tends sheep; hence, a rural lass.
- outcast a.
- Cast out; degraded. [Cf. Sw. utkasta to cast out.]
- fraught n.
- A freight; a cargo. [OE.fraight, fraght; akin to Dan. fragt, Sw. frakt, D. vracht, G. fracht, cf. OHG. fr merit, reward; perh. from corresponding to E. for + The root of E. own. Cf.]
- impulsive a.
- Having the power of driving or impelling; giving an impulse; moving; impellent. [Cf. F. impulsif.]
- hast
- , 2d pers. sing. pres. of. Fave, contr. of havest.
- scarce a.
- Not plentiful or abundant; in small quantity in proportion to the demand; not easily to be procured; rare; uncommon. [OE. scars, OF. escars, eschars, LL. scarpsus, for L. excerptus, p. p. of excerpere to pick out, and hence to contract, to shorten; ex (see Ex-) + carpere. See C]
- somewhere adv.
- In some place unknown or not specified; in one place or another.
- morn n.
- The first part of the day; the morning; -- used chiefly in poetry. [OE. morwen, morgen, AS. morgen; akin to D. morgen, OS. morgan, G. morgen, Icel. morginn, morgunn, Sw. morgon, Dan. morgen, Goth. maúrgins. Cf. Morrow, Morning.]
- afield adv.
- To, in, or on the field. [Pref. a- + field.]
- amain adv.
- With might; with full force; vigorously; violently; exceedingly. [Pref. a- + main. See 2d Main, n.]
- depart v. i.
- To part; to divide; to separate. [OE. departen to divide, part, depart, F. départir to divide, distribute, se départir to separate one's self, depart; pref. dé- (L. de) + partir to part, depart,]
- downtrodden a.
- Trodden down; trampled down; abused by superior power.
- murderess n.
- A woman who commits murder.
- twain a.
- Two;- nearly obsolete in common discourse, but used in poetry and burlesque. [OE. twein, tweien, tweyne, AS. twegen, masc. See Two.]
- thereon adv.
- On that or this. [AS. . See There, and On.]
- fain v. t.
- To be glad ; to wish or desire.
- wedded a.
- Joined in wedlock; married.
- damsel n.
- A young person, either male or female, of noble or gentle extraction; as, Damsel Pepin; Damsel Richard, Prince of Wales. [OE. damosel, damesel, damisel, damsel, fr. OF. damoisele, damisele, gentlewoman, F. demoiselle young lady; cf. OF. damoisel young nobleman, F. damoiseau; fr. LL]
- presently adv.
- At present; at this time; now.
- bondmaid n.
- A female slave, or one bound to service without wages, as distinguished from a hired servant. [Bond,a.orn.+ maid.]
Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.
About this text
Prologue is in the public domain. This text is taken from The Electra of Euripides, translated into English rhyming verse by Gilbert Murray, Project Gutenberg ebook #14322, the Gilbert Murray translation; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.
Cite as: Euripides, Prologue, in Electra (1905), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #14322, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/euripides-electra/prologue.html, id L28810.
Form and metre
Prologue is 143 lines in 13 verse paragraphs. It is in rhyming couplets, 64% of the lines: heroic couplets. The metre is iambic pentameter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 86%).
See other poems in heroic couplets, other poems in iambic pentameter.
Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.
Rhyme words, stanza by stanza
The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.
- 2 -AA--BBCC peasant · hailA · sailA · far · war · burnedB · returnedB · faneC · slainC
- 4 -AABBCCDDEEFFGGFF--HHIIJJ--KK--LLMMNNO-OOOPPQQ-- low · youngA · amongA · aloneB · unblownB · troyC · boyC · fallD · thrallD · seasE · kneesE · hereF · yearF · womanhoodG · bloodG · fearF · bearF · wrought · not · thisH · kissH · rendI · endI · wildJ · childJ · lord · word · dayK · slayK · meed · wed · standL · landL · naughtM · wroughtM · mightN · lightN · vengeancesO · yet · isO · knowsO · goesO · shameP · nameP · yeaQ · awayQ · now · low
- 5 AABBCC fairA · spareA · beB · heB · lessC · untendernessC
- 7 -AABBCCDDEED-- electra · starA · jarA · froB · goB · setC · forgetC · cryD · skyD · bredE · headE · meD · enemy · naught
- 9 --AA- peasant · fraught · softA · oftA · end
- 10 --AABB-C--C-- affection · friend · tearsA · fearsA · findB · mindB · endure · pourC · fellowship · keep · doorC · o'er · things
- 11 --AABB peasant · springs · mornA · cornA · gainB · amainB
- 13 -AABBCCDDEE--FFGGHHIIJJ--KKLLKK--MM orestes · deedA · needA · knewB · throughB · lieC · byC · comeD · homeD · yetE · debtE · alone · thereon · headF · deadF · reignG · fainG · hereH · clearH · wayI · sayI · maidJ · aidJ · betid · lid · nowK · ploughK · taskL · askL · nowK · browK · water · her · signM · thineM
Scansion, line by line
Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against iambic pentameter. How this is done.
| Line | Syl. | Stress |
|---|---|---|
| (The scene represents a hut on a desolate mountain side; the river Inachus is visible in the distance. The time is the dusk of early dawn, before sunrise. The PEASANT is discovered in front of the hut.) | 52 | ···˘/····/˘/˘··/˘····/˘··/˘······/˘···/··/˘·˘/˘····· |
| PEASANT. | 2 | /˘ |
| Old gleam on the face of the world, I give thee hail, | 12 | ············ |
| River of Argos land, where sail on sail | 10 | /˘·/˘····· |
| The long ships met, a thousand, near and far, | 10 | ·····/˘··· |
| When Agamemnon walked the seas in war; | 10 | ··˘/······ |
| Who smote King Priam in the dust, and burned | 10 | ···/······ |
| The storied streets of Ilion, and returned | 10 | ·/˘·····˘/ |
| Above all conquerors, heaping tower and fane | 10 | ···/˘/˘/·· |
| Of Argos high with spoils of Eastern slain. | 10 | ·/˘····/˘· |
| So in far lands he prospered; and at home | 10 | ·····/˘··· |
| His own wife trapped and slew him. 'Twas the doom | 10 | ·········· |
| Aegisthus wrought, son of his father's foe. | 10 | ·······/˘· |
| Gone is that King, and the old spear laid low | 10 | ·········· |
| That Tantalus wielded when the world was young. | 10 | ·/˘/˘····· |
| Aegisthus hath his queen, and reigns among | 10 | ·········· |
| His people. And the children here alone, | 10 | ·/˘··/˘·˘/ |
| Orestes and Electra, buds unblown | 10 | ˘/˘·˘/˘··· |
| Of man and womanhood, when forth to Troy | 10 | ···/˘····· |
| He shook his sail and left them--lo, the boy | 10 | ·········· |
| Orestes, ere Aegisthus' hand could fall, | 10 | ˘/˘······· |
| Was stolen from Argos--borne by one old thrall, | 11 | ·/˘·/˘····· |
| Who served his father's boyhood, over seas | 10 | ···/˘/···· |
| Far off, and laid upon King Strophios' knees | 10 | ·········· |
| In Phocis, for the old king's sake. But here | 10 | ·········· |
| The maid Electra waited, year by year, | 10 | ··˘/˘/˘··· |
| Alone, till the warm days of womanhood | 10 | ˘/·····/˘· |
| Drew nigh and suitors came of gentle blood | 10 | ···/˘··/˘· |
| In Hellas. Then Aegisthus was in fear | 10 | ·········· |
| Lest she be wed in some great house, and bear | 10 | ·········· |
| A son to avenge her father. Close he wrought | 11 | ···˘/·/˘··· |
| Her prison in his house, and gave her not | 10 | ·/˘······· |
| To any wooer. Then, since even this | 10 | ·/˘/˘··/˘· |
| Was full of peril, and the secret kiss | 10 | ···/˘··/˘· |
| Of some bold prince might find her yet, and rend | 10 | ·········· |
| Her prison walls, Aegisthus at the end | 10 | ·/˘······· |
| Would slay her. Then her mother, she so wild | 10 | ·····/˘··· |
| Aforetime, pled with him and saved her child. | 10 | ˘/˘······· |
| Her heart had still an answer for her lord | 10 | ·····/˘··· |
| Murdered, but if the child's blood spoke, what word | 10 | /˘········ |
| Could meet the hate thereof? After that day | 10 | ·········· |
| Aegisthus thus decreed: whoso should slay | 10 | ····˘//˘·· |
| The old king's wandering son, should win rich meed | 10 | ···/˘····· |
| Of gold; and for Electra, she must wed | 10 | ····˘/˘··· |
| With me, not base of blood--in that I stand | 10 | ·········· |
| True Mycenaean--but in gold and land | 10 | ··˘/˘····· |
| Most poor, which maketh highest birth as naught. | 10 | ·····/˘··· |
| So from a powerless husband shall be wrought | 10 | ···/˘/˘··· |
| A powerless peril. Had some man of might | 10 | ·/˘/˘····· |
| Possessed her, he had called perchance to light | 10 | ˘/····˘/·· |
| Her father's blood, and unknown vengeances | 10 | ·/˘··˘//˘˘ |
| Risen on Aegisthus yet. | 7 | /˘····· |
| Aye, mine she is: | 4 | ···· |
| But never yet these arms--the Cyprian knows | 10 | ·/····/˘˘· |
| My truth!--have clasped her body, and she goes | 10 | ·····/˘··· |
| A virgin still. Myself would hold it shame | 10 | ·/˘··/···· |
| To abase this daughter of a royal name. | 11 | ·˘/·/˘··/˘· |
| I am too lowly to love violence. Yea, | 10 | ···/˘··/˘· |
| Orestes too doth move me, far away, | 10 | ˘/˘·····˘/ |
| Mine unknown brother! Will he ever now | 10 | ·˘//˘··/˘· |
| Come back and see his sister bowed so low? | 10 | ·····/˘··· |
| Doth any deem me fool, to hold a fair | 10 | ·/˘······· |
| Maid in my room and seek no joy, but spare | 10 | ·········· |
| Her maidenhood? If any such there be, | 10 | ·/˘˘·/˘··· |
| Let him but look within. The fool is he | 10 | ·········· |
| In gentle things, weighing the more and less | 10 | ·/˘·/˘···· |
| Of love by his own heart's untenderness. | 10 | ·········· |
| (As he ceases ELECTRA comes out of the hut. She is in mourning garb, and carries a large pitcher on her head. She speaks without observing the PEASANT'S presence.) | 40 | ··/˘˘/˘········/˘··/˘··/˘·······˘/˘·/˘/˘ |
| ELECTRA. | 3 | ˘/˘ |
| Dark shepherdess of many a golden star, | 10 | ·/˘˘·/·/˘· |
| Dost see me, Mother Night? And how this jar | 10 | ···/˘····· |
| Hath worn my earth-bowed head, as forth and fro | 10 | ·········· |
| For water to the hillward springs I go? | 10 | ·/˘······· |
| Not for mere stress of need, but purpose set, | 10 | ·······/˘· |
| That never day nor night God may forget | 10 | ·/˘·····˘/ |
| Aegisthus' sin: aye, and perchance a cry | 10 | ······˘/·· |
| Cast forth to the waste shining of the sky | 10 | ·····/˘··· |
| May find my father's ear.... The woman bred | 10 | ···/˘··/˘· |
| Of Tyndareus, my mother--on her head | 10 | ·····/˘··· |
| Be curses!--from my house hath outcast me; | 10 | ·/˘····/·· |
| She hath borne children to our enemy; | 11 | ···/˘·/˘/˘˘ |
| She hath made me naught, she hath made Orestes naught.... | 12 | ········˘/˘· |
| (As the bitterness of her tone increases, the PEASANT comes forward.) | 16 | ··/˘···˘/˘·/˘·/˘ |
| PEASANT. | 2 | /˘ |
| What wouldst thou now, my sad one, ever fraught | 10 | ·······/˘· |
| With toil to lighten my toil? And so soft | 10 | ···/˘····· |
| Thy nurture was! Have I not chid thee oft, | 10 | ·/˘······· |
| And thou wilt cease not, serving without end? | 10 | ·····/˘··· |
| ELECTRA (turning to him with impulsive affection). | 14 | ˘/˘/˘···˘/˘˘/˘ |
| O friend, my friend, as God might be my friend, | 10 | ·········· |
| Thou only hast not trampled on my tears. | 10 | ·/˘··/˘··· |
| Life scarce can be so hard, 'mid many fears | 10 | ·······/˘· |
| And many shames, when mortal heart can find | 10 | ·/˘··/˘··· |
| Somewhere one healing touch, as my sick mind | 10 | /··/˘····· |
| Finds thee.... And should I wait thy word, to endure | 11 | ·········˘/ |
| A little for thine easing, yea, or pour | 10 | ·/˘··/˘··· |
| My strength out in thy toiling fellowship? | 10 | ·····/˘/˘· |
| Thou hast enough with fields and kine to keep; | 10 | ··˘/······ |
| 'Tis mine to make all bright within the door. | 10 | ·········· |
| 'Tis joy to him that toils, when toil is o'er, | 10 | ·········· |
| To find home waiting, full of happy things. | 10 | ···/˘··/˘· |
| PEASANT. | 2 | /˘ |
| If so it please thee, go thy way. The springs | 10 | ·········· |
| Are not far off. And I before the morn | 10 | ·········· |
| Must drive my team afield, and sow the corn | 10 | ····˘/···· |
| In the hollows.--Not a thousand prayers can gain | 11 | ··/˘··/˘··· |
| A man's bare bread, save an he work amain. | 10 | ········˘/ |
| (ELECTRA and the PEASANT depart on their several ways. After a few moments there enter stealthily two armed men, ORESTES and PYLADES.) | 35 | ˘/˘··/˘˘/··/˘·····/˘·/˘/˘˘···˘/˘··· |
| ORESTES. | 3 | ˘/˘ |
| Thou art the first that I have known in deed | 10 | ·········· |
| True and my friend, and shelterer of my need. | 11 | ··········· |
| Thou only, Pylades, of all that knew, | 9 | ·/˘······ |
| Hast held Orestes of some worth, all through | 10 | ··˘/˘····· |
| These years of helplessness, wherein I lie | 10 | ···/˘˘···· |
| Downtrodden by the murderer--yea, and by | 10 | ·/˘··/˘··· |
| The murderess, my mother!... I am come, | 10 | ·/˘˘·/˘··· |
| Fresh from the cleansing of Apollo, home | 10 | ···/˘·˘/˘· |
| To Argos--and my coming no man yet | 10 | ·/˘··/˘··· |
| Knoweth--to pay the bloody twain their debt | 10 | /˘···/˘··· |
| Of blood. This very night I crept alone | 10 | ···/˘···˘/ |
| To my dead father's grave, and poured thereon | 10 | ···/˘···˘/ |
| My heart's first tears and tresses of my head | 10 | ·····/˘··· |
| New-shorn, and o'er the barrow of the dead | 10 | ·····/˘··· |
| Slew a black lamb, unknown of them that reign | 10 | ····˘/···· |
| In this unhappy land.... I am not fain | 10 | ··˘/˘····· |
| To pass the city gates, but hold me here | 10 | ···/˘····· |
| Hard on the borders. So my road is clear | 10 | ···/˘····· |
| To fly if men look close and watch my way; | 10 | ·········· |
| If not, to seek my sister. For men say | 10 | ·····/˘··· |
| She dwelleth in these hills, no more a maid | 10 | ·/˘······· |
| But wedded. I must find her house, for aid | 10 | ·/˘······· |
| To guide our work, and learn what hath betid | 10 | ··/······· |
| Of late in Argos.--Ha, the radiant lid | 10 | ···/˘··/˘· |
| Of Dawn's eye lifteth! Come, friend; leave we now | 10 | ···/˘····· |
| This trodden path. Some worker of the plough, | 10 | ·/˘··/˘··· |
| Or serving damsel at her early task | 10 | ·/˘/˘··/˘· |
| Will presently come by, whom we may ask | 10 | ·/˘˘······ |
| If here my sister dwells. But soft! Even now | 10 | ···/˘···/· |
| I see some bondmaid there, her death-shorn brow | 10 | ···/˘····· |
| Bending beneath its freight of well-water. | 10 | /˘······/˘ |
| Lie close until she pass; then question her. | 10 | ·······/˘· |
| A slave might help us well, or speak some sign | 10 | ·········· |
| Of import to this work of mine and thine. | 10 | ·˘/······· |
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