To a Child

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807–1882) · 1839–1882

iambic tetrameter · 191 lines · from The Complete Poetical Works

Dear child! how radiant on thy mother's knee,With merry-making eyes and jocund smiles,Thou gazest at the painted tiles,Whose figures grace,With many a grotesque form and face.The ancient chimney of thy nursery!The lady with the gay macaw,The dancing girl, the grave bashawWith bearded lip and chin;And, leaning idly o'er his gate,Beneath the imperial fan of state,The Chinese mandarin.

With what a look of proud commandThou shakest in thy little handThe coral rattle with its silver bells,Making a merry tune!Thousands of years in Indian seasThat coral grew, by slow degrees,Until some deadly and wild monsoonDashed it on Coromandel's sand!Those silver bellsReposed of yore,As shapeless ore,Far down in the deep-sunken wellsOf darksome mines,In some obscure and sunless place,Beneath huge Chimborazo's base,Or Potosi's o'erhanging pinesAnd thus for thee, O little child,Through many a danger and escape,The tall ships passed the stormy cape;For thee in foreign lands remote,Beneath a burning, tropic clime,The Indian peasant, chasing the wild goat,Himself as swift and wild,In falling, clutched the frail arbute,The fibres of whose shallow root,Uplifted from the soil, betrayedThe silver veins beneath it laid,The buried treasures of the miser, Time.

But, lo! thy door is left ajar!Thou hearest footsteps from afar!And, at the sound,Thou turnest roundWith quick and questioning eyes,Like one, who, in a foreign land,Beholds on every handSome source of wonder and surprise!And, restlessly, impatiently,Thou strivest, strugglest, to be free,The four walls of thy nurseryAre now like prison walls to thee.No more thy mother's smiles,No more the painted tiles,Delight thee, nor the playthings on the floor,That won thy little, beating heart before;Thou strugglest for the open door.

Through these once solitary hallsThy pattering footstep falls.The sound of thy merry voiceMakes the old wallsJubilant, and they rejoiceWith the joy of thy young heart,O'er the light of whose gladnessNo shadows of sadnessFrom the sombre background of memory start.

Once, ah, once, within these walls,One whom memory oft recalls,The Father of his Country, dwelt.And yonder meadows broad and dampThe fires of the besieging campEncircled with a burning belt.Up and down these echoing stairs,Heavy with the weight of cares,Sounded his majestic tread;Yes, within this very roomSat he in those hours of gloom,Weary both in heart and head.

But what are these grave thoughts to thee?Out, out! into the open air!Thy only dream is liberty,Thou carest little how or where.I see thee eager at thy play,Now shouting to the apples on the tree,With cheeks as round and red as they;And now among the yellow stalks,Among the flowering shrubs and plants,As restless as the bee.Along the garden walks,The tracks of thy small carriage-wheels I trace;And see at every turn how they effaceWhole villages of sand-roofed tents,That rise like golden domesAbove the cavernous and secret homesOf wandering and nomadic tribes of ants.Ah, cruel little Tamerlane,Who, with thy dreadful reign,Dost persecute and overwhelmThese hapless Troglodytes of thy realm!What! tired already! with those suppliant looks,And voice more beautiful than a poet's books,Or murmuring sound of water as it flows.Thou comest back to parley with repose;This rustic seat in the old apple-tree,With its o'erhanging golden canopyOf leaves illuminate with autumnal hues,And shining with the argent light of dews,Shall for a season be our place of rest.Beneath us, like an oriole's pendent nest,From which the laughing birds have taken wing,By thee abandoned, hangs thy vacant swing.Dream-like the waters of the river gleam;A sailless vessel drops adown the stream,And like it, to a sea as wide and deep,Thou driftest gently down the tides of sleep.

O child! O new-born denizenOf life's great city! on thy headThe glory of the morn is shed,Like a celestial benison!Here at the portal thou dost stand,And with thy little handThou openest the mysterious gateInto the future's undiscovered land.I see its valves expand,As at the touch of Fate!Into those realms of love and hate,Into that darkness blank and drear,By some prophetic feeling taught,I launch the bold, adventurous thought,Freighted with hope and fear;As upon subterranean streams,In caverns unexplored and dark,Men sometimes launch a fragile bark,Laden with flickering fire,And watch its swift-receding beams,Until at length they disappear,And in the distant dark expire.

By what astrology of fear or hopeDare I to cast thy horoscope!Like the new moon thy life appears;A little strip of silver light,And widening outward into nightThe shadowy disk of future years;And yet upon its outer rim,A luminous circle, faint and dim,And scarcely visible to us here,Rounds and completes the perfect sphere;A prophecy and intimation,A pale and feeble adumbration,Of the great world of light, that liesBehind all human destinies.

Ah! if thy fate, with anguish fraught,Should be to wet the dusty soilWith the hot tears and sweat of toil,--To struggle with imperious thought,Until the overburdened brain,Weary with labor, faint with pain,Like a jarred pendulum, retainOnly its motion, not its power,--Remember, in that perilous hour,When most afflicted and oppressed,From labor there shall come forth rest.

And if a more auspicious fateOn thy advancing steps awaitStill let it ever be thy prideTo linger by the laborer's side;With words of sympathy or songTo cheer the dreary march alongOf the great army of the poor,O'er desert sand, o'er dangerous moor.Nor to thyself the task shall beWithout reward; for thou shalt learnThe wisdom early to discernTrue beauty in utility;As great Pythagoras of yore,Standing beside the blacksmith's door,And hearing the hammers, as they smoteThe anvils with a different note,Stole from the varying tones, that hungVibrant on every iron tongue,The secret of the sounding wire.And formed the seven-chorded lyre.

Enough! I will not play the Seer;I will no longer strive to opeThe mystic volume, where appearThe herald Hope, forerunning Fear,And Fear, the pursuivant of Hope.Thy destiny remains untold;For, like Acestes' shaft of old,The swift thought kindles as it flies,And burns to ashes in the skies.

Words in this poem 37
jocund
Merry; cheerful; gay; airy; lively; sportive. [L. jocundus, jucundus, orig., helpful, fr. juvare to help. See Aid.]
chimney n.
A fireplace or hearth. Sir W. Raleigh.
nursery n.
The act of nursing. [Cf. F. nourricerie.]
bashaw n.
A Turkish title of honor, now written pasha. See Pasha. [See Pasha.]
reposed a.
Composed; calm; tranquil; at rest.
yore adv.
In time long past; in old time; long since. [OE. , yare, , AS. geára;akin to geár a year, E. year. Year.]
darksome a.
Dark; gloomy; obscure; shaded; cheerless.
sunless a.
Destitute or deprived of the sun or its rays; shaded; shadowed.
clime n.
A climate; a tract or region of the earth. See Climate. [L. clima. See Climate.]
ajar adv.
Slightly turned or opened; as, the door was standing ajar. [OE. on char ajar, on the turn; AS. cerr, cyrr, turn, akin to G. kehren to turn, and to D. akerre. See Char.]
afar adv.
At, to, or from a great distance; far away; -- often used with from preceding, or off following; as, he was seen from afar; I saw him afar off. [Pref. a-.(for on or of) + far.]
impatiently adv.
In an impatient manner.
jubilant a.
Uttering songs of triumph; shouting with joy; triumphant; exulting. [L. jubilans, -antis, p. pr. of jubilare to shout for joy: cf. F. jubila. See Jubilate.]
sadness n.
Heaviness; firmness.
sombre n.
Gloom; obscurity; duskiness; somberness.
yonder adv.
At a distance, but within view. [OE. yonder, ýonder; cf. OD. ginder, Goth. jaindr there. Yond, adv.]
besieging a.
That besieges; laying siege to.
cavernous a.
Full of caverns; resembling a cavern or large cavity; hollow. [L. cavernosus: cf. F. caverneux.]
dreadful a.
Full of dread or terror; fearful.
hapless a.
Without hap or luck; luckless; unfortunate; unlucky; unhappy; as, hapless youth; hapless maid.
suppliant a.
Asking earnestly and submissively; entreating; beseeching; supplicating. [F., p.pr. of supplier to entreat, L. supplicare. See Supplicate, and cf. Supplicant.]
argent n.
Silver, or money. [F. argent, fr. L. argentum, silver; akin to Gr. rajata white, silver, raj to shine, Ir. arg white, milk, airgiod silver, money, and L. arguere to make clear. Se]
shall v. i.
To owe; to be under obligation for. [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen,]
sailless a.
Destitute of sails. Pollok.
adown adv.
From a higher to a lower situation; downward; down, to or on the ground. [OE. adun, adoun, adune. AS. of dune off the hill. See Down.]
morn n.
The first part of the day; the morning; -- used chiefly in poetry. [OE. morwen, morgen, AS. morgen; akin to D. morgen, OS. morgan, G. morgen, Icel. morginn, morgunn, Sw. morgon, Dan. morgen, Goth. maúrgins. Cf. Morrow, Morning.]
benison n.
Blessing; beatitude; benediction. [OE. beneysun, benesoun, OF. beneï, beneïson, fr. L. benedictio, fr. benedicere to bless; bene (adv. of bonus good) + dicere to say. See Bounty, and Diction, and]
drear n.
Sadness; dismalness.
adumbration n.
The act of adumbrating, or shadowing forth. [L. adumbratio.]
fraught n.
A freight; a cargo. [OE.fraight, fraght; akin to Dan. fragt, Sw. frakt, D. vracht, G. fracht, cf. OHG. fr merit, reward; perh. from corresponding to E. for + The root of E. own. Cf.]
imperious a.
Commanding; ascendant; imperial; lordly; majestic. [L. imperiosus: cf. F. impérieux. See Imperial.]
await v. t.
To watch for; to look out for. [OF. awaitier, agaitier; (L. ad) + waitier, gaitier to watch, F. guetter. See Wait.]
dreary a.
Sorrowful; distressful. [OE. dreori, dreri, AS. dreórig, sad; akin to G. traurig, and prob. to AS. dreósan to fall, Goth. driusan. Cf. Dross, Drear, Drizzle, Drowse.]
shalt
2d per. sing. of Shall.
stole n.
A long, loose garment reaching to the feet. [AS. stole, L. stola, Gr. stall. See Stall.]
vibrant a.
Vibrating; tremulous; resonant; as, vibrant drums. [L. vibrans, p. pr.: cf. F. vibrant. See Vibrate.]
untold a.
Not told; not related; not revealed; as, untold secrets.

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

To a Child is in the public domain. This text is taken from The Complete Poetical Works of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Project Gutenberg ebook #1365; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, To a Child, in The Complete Poetical Works (1839–1882), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #1365, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/longfellow-poems/to-a-child.html, id L17530.

Form and metre

To a Child is 191 lines in 11 stanzas. The metre is iambic tetrameter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 86%). 90% of its stressed syllables fall where the metre puts the beat. The lines average 8.2 syllables. 19 lines end on an unstressed syllable, a feminine ending. 25% of the lines run on without a stop at the line end.

See other poems in iambic tetrameter.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 1 -AABB-CCDEED knee · smilesA · tilesA · graceB · faceB · nursery · macawC · bashawC · chinD · gateE · stateE · mandarinD
  2. 2 AABCDDCABEEBFGGFHIIJKJH--LLK commandA · handA · bellsB · tuneC · seasD · degreesD · monsoonC · sandA · bellsB · yoreE · oreE · wellsB · minesF · placeG · baseG · pinesF · childH · escapeI · capeI · remoteJ · climeK · goatJ · wildH · arbute · root · betrayedL · laidL · timeK
  3. 3 AABBCDDC-E-EFFGGG ajarA · afarA · soundB · roundB · eyesC · landD · handD · surpriseC · impatiently · freeE · nursery · theeE · smilesF · tilesF · floorG · beforeG · doorG
  4. 4 AABABCDDC hallsA · fallsA · voiceB · wallsA · rejoiceB · heartC · gladnessD · sadnessD · startC
  5. 5 AABCCBDDEFFE wallsA · recallsA · dweltB · dampC · campC · beltB · stairsD · caresD · treadE · roomF · gloomF · headE
  6. 6 -A-ABCBD-CDEE-FF---GGHHII--JJKKLLMMNN thee · airA · liberty · whereA · playB · treeC · theyB · stalksD · plants · beeC · walksD · traceE · effaceE · tents · domesF · homesF · ants · tamerlane · reign · overwhelmG · realmG · looksH · booksH · flowsI · reposeI · tree · canopy · huesJ · dewsJ · restK · nestK · wingL · swingL · gleamM · streamM · deepN · sleepN
  7. 7 -AA-BBCBBCCDEEDFGGHFDH denizen · headA · shedA · benison · standB · handB · gateC · landB · expandB · fateC · hateC · drearD · taughtE · thoughtE · fearD · streamsF · darkG · barkG · fireH · beamsF · disappearD · expireH
  8. 8 AABCCBDDEEFFGG hopeA · horoscopeA · appearsB · lightC · nightC · yearsB · rimD · dimD · hereE · sphereE · intimationF · adumbrationF · liesG · destiniesG
  9. 9 ABBACCCDDEE fraughtA · soilB · toilB · thoughtA · brainC · painC · retainC · powerD · hourD · oppressedE · restE
  10. 10 AABBCCDD-EE-FFGGHHII fateA · awaitA · prideB · sideB · songC · alongC · poorD · moorD · be · learnE · discernE · utility · yoreF · doorF · smoteG · noteG · hungH · tongueH · wireI · lyreI
  11. 11 ABAABCCDD seerA · opeB · appearA · fearA · hopeB · untoldC · oldC · fliesD · skiesD
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against iambic tetrameter. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
Dear child! how radiant on thy mother's knee,10···/˘··/˘·
With merry-making eyes and jocund smiles,10·/˘/˘··/˘·
Thou gazest at the painted tiles,8·····/˘·
Whose figures grace,4·/˘·
With many a grotesque form and face.8·/·˘/···
The ancient chimney of thy nursery!9·/˘/˘··/˘
The lady with the gay macaw,8·/˘···˘/
The dancing girl, the grave bashaw8·/˘···˘/
With bearded lip and chin;6·/˘···
And, leaning idly o'er his gate,8·/˘/˘···
Beneath the imperial fan of state,9···˘/˘···
The Chinese mandarin.6·˘//˘˘
With what a look of proud command8······˘/
Thou shakest in thy little hand8·/˘··/˘·
The coral rattle with its silver bells,10·/˘/˘··/˘·
Making a merry tune!6/˘·/˘·
Thousands of years in Indian seas8/˘···/˘·
That coral grew, by slow degrees,8·/˘···˘/
Until some deadly and wild monsoon9···/˘··˘/
Dashed it on Coromandel's sand!8········
Those silver bells4·/˘·
Reposed of yore,4/···
As shapeless ore,4·/˘·
Far down in the deep-sunken wells8·····/˘·
Of darksome mines,4·/˘·
In some obscure and sunless place,8··˘/·/˘·
Beneath huge Chimborazo's base,8········
Or Potosi's o'erhanging pines8········
And thus for thee, O little child,8·····/˘·
Through many a danger and escape,8·/·/˘·˘/
The tall ships passed the stormy cape;8·····/˘·
For thee in foreign lands remote,8···/˘·˘/
Beneath a burning, tropic clime,8···/˘/˘·
The Indian peasant, chasing the wild goat,10·/˘/˘/˘···
Himself as swift and wild,6˘/····
In falling, clutched the frail arbute,8·/˘·····
The fibres of whose shallow root,8·/˘··/˘·
Uplifted from the soil, betrayed8/˘˘···˘/
The silver veins beneath it laid,8·/˘·····
The buried treasures of the miser, Time.9·/˘/˘··/·
But, lo! thy door is left ajar!8······˘/
Thou hearest footsteps from afar!8·/˘/··˘/
And, at the sound,4····
Thou turnest round4·/˘·
With quick and questioning eyes,7···/˘˘·
Like one, who, in a foreign land,8·····/˘·
Beholds on every hand7˘/·/˘˘·
Some source of wonder and surprise!8···/˘·˘/
And, restlessly, impatiently,8·/˘˘˘/˘˘
Thou strivest, strugglest, to be free,8·/˘/˘···
The four walls of thy nursery8·····/˘˘
Are now like prison walls to thee.8···/˘···
No more thy mother's smiles,6···/˘·
No more the painted tiles,6···/˘·
Delight thee, nor the playthings on the floor,10˘/···/····
That won thy little, beating heart before;10···/˘/˘···
Thou strugglest for the open door.8·/˘··/˘·
Through these once solitary halls8···/˘·˘·
Thy pattering footstep falls.7·/˘˘/··
The sound of thy merry voice7····/˘·
Makes the old walls4····
Jubilant, and they rejoice7/˘˘··˘/
With the joy of thy young heart,7·······
O'er the light of whose gladness7·····/˘
No shadows of sadness6·/··/˘
From the sombre background of memory start.10··/˘/··/˘·
Once, ah, once, within these walls,7·······
One whom memory oft recalls,8··/˘˘·/·
The Father of his Country, dwelt.8·/˘··/˘·
And yonder meadows broad and damp8·/˘/····
The fires of the besieging camp8·/··˘/˘·
Encircled with a burning belt.8˘/˘··/˘·
Up and down these echoing stairs,8····/˘˘·
Heavy with the weight of cares,7/˘·····
Sounded his majestic tread;7/˘·˘/˘·
Yes, within this very room7····/˘·
Sat he in those hours of gloom,8····/˘··
Weary both in heart and head.7/˘·····
But what are these grave thoughts to thee?8········
Out, out! into the open air!8·····/˘·
Thy only dream is liberty,8·/˘··/˘˘
Thou carest little how or where.8···/˘···
I see thee eager at thy play,8···/˘···
Now shouting to the apples on the tree,10·/˘··/˘···
With cheeks as round and red as they;8········
And now among the yellow stalks,8·····/˘·
Among the flowering shrubs and plants,8···/˘···
As restless as the bee.6·/˘···
Along the garden walks,6˘/·/˘·
The tracks of thy small carriage-wheels I trace;10·····/˘···
And see at every turn how they efface10···/˘···˘/
Whole villages of sand-roofed tents,8·/˘˘····
That rise like golden domes6···/˘·
Above the cavernous and secret homes9···/˘·/˘·
Of wandering and nomadic tribes of ants.10·/˘·˘/˘···
Ah, cruel little Tamerlane,8·/˘/˘···
Who, with thy dreadful reign,6···/˘·
Dost persecute and overwhelm8·/˘···˘/
These hapless Troglodytes of thy realm!9·/˘······
What! tired already! with those suppliant looks,11·/˘/˘··/˘˘·
And voice more beautiful than a poet's books,10···/˘··/˘·
Or murmuring sound of water as it flows.10·/˘··/˘···
Thou comest back to parley with repose;10·····/˘·˘/
This rustic seat in the old apple-tree,10·/˘····/˘·
With its o'erhanging golden canopy9·····/˘/˘
Of leaves illuminate with autumnal hues,10··˘/˘·˘/˘·
And shining with the argent light of dews,10·/˘··/˘···
Shall for a season be our place of rest.10···/˘·/···
Beneath us, like an oriole's pendent nest,11·····/˘·/˘·
From which the laughing birds have taken wing,10···/˘··/˘·
By thee abandoned, hangs thy vacant swing.10··˘/˘··/˘·
Dream-like the waters of the river gleam;10···/˘··/˘·
A sailless vessel drops adown the stream,10·/˘/˘·˘/··
And like it, to a sea as wide and deep,10··········
Thou driftest gently down the tides of sleep.10·/˘/˘·····
O child! O new-born denizen8·····/˘˘
Of life's great city! on thy head8···/˘···
The glory of the morn is shed,8·/˘·····
Like a celestial benison!8··˘/˘/˘˘
Here at the portal thou dost stand,8···/˘···
And with thy little hand6···/˘·
Thou openest the mysterious gate8·/˘·˘/˘·
Into the future's undiscovered land.10···/˘·˘/˘·
I see its valves expand,6····˘/
As at the touch of Fate!6······
Into those realms of love and hate,8········
Into that darkness blank and drear,8···/˘···
By some prophetic feeling taught,8··˘/˘/˘·
I launch the bold, adventurous thought,8····˘/˘·
Freighted with hope and fear;6/˘····
As upon subterranean streams,8···˘˘/˘·
In caverns unexplored and dark,8·/˘·˘/··
Men sometimes launch a fragile bark,8·/···/˘·
Laden with flickering fire,8/˘·/˘˘/˘
And watch its swift-receding beams,8····˘/˘·
Until at length they disappear,8······˘/
And in the distant dark expire.8···/˘·˘/
By what astrology of fear or hope9··˘/˘····
Dare I to cast thy horoscope!8·····/˘·
Like the new moon thy life appears;8······˘/
A little strip of silver light,8·/˘··/˘·
And widening outward into night8·/˘˘/···
The shadowy disk of future years;8·/˘··/˘·
And yet upon its outer rim,8·····/˘·
A luminous circle, faint and dim,8·/˘/˘···
And scarcely visible to us here,8·/˘/˘···
Rounds and completes the perfect sphere;8··˘/·/··
A prophecy and intimation,9·/˘˘··˘/˘
A pale and feeble adumbration,9···/˘····
Of the great world of light, that lies8········
Behind all human destinies.8···/˘/˘˘
Ah! if thy fate, with anguish fraught,8·····/˘·
Should be to wet the dusty soil8·····/˘·
With the hot tears and sweat of toil,--8········
To struggle with imperious thought,8·/˘·˘/˘·
Until the overburdened brain,8···/˘/˘·
Weary with labor, faint with pain,8/˘·/˘···
Like a jarred pendulum, retain8···/˘˘˘/
Only its motion, not its power,--9/˘·/˘··/˘
Remember, in that perilous hour,8˘/˘··/˘/
When most afflicted and oppressed,8··˘/˘·˘/
From labor there shall come forth rest.8·/˘·····
And if a more auspicious fate8····˘/˘·
On thy advancing steps await8··˘/˘·˘/
Still let it ever be thy pride8···/˘···
To linger by the laborer's side;8·/˘··/˘·
With words of sympathy or song8···/˘˘··
To cheer the dreary march along8···/˘·˘/
Of the great army of the poor,8···/˘···
O'er desert sand, o'er dangerous moor.8·/˘··/˘·
Nor to thyself the task shall be8··˘/····
Without reward; for thou shalt learn8··˘/····
The wisdom early to discern8·/˘/˘·˘/
True beauty in utility;8·/˘·˘/˘˘
As great Pythagoras of yore,8········
Standing beside the blacksmith's door,8/˘˘/·/··
And hearing the hammers, as they smote9·/˘·/˘···
The anvils with a different note,8·/˘··/˘·
Stole from the varying tones, that hung8···/˘···
Vibrant on every iron tongue,8/˘·/˘/˘·
The secret of the sounding wire.9·/˘··/˘/˘
And formed the seven-chorded lyre.8···/˘/˘·
Enough! I will not play the Seer;8˘/······
I will no longer strive to ope8···/˘···
The mystic volume, where appear8·/˘/˘·˘/
The herald Hope, forerunning Fear,9·/˘······
And Fear, the pursuivant of Hope.8···/˘˘··
Thy destiny remains untold;8·/˘˘˘/˘/
For, like Acestes' shaft of old,7·······
The swift thought kindles as it flies,8···/˘···
And burns to ashes in the skies.8···/˘···

The reader shows the same poem with its rhymes coloured and a stress row above each line, the notes beside their stanzas, and any word's definition on a tap; the analysis page takes the whole book apart. How every part of this site was made.

More by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow