The Reformer

John Greenleaf Whittier (1807–1892) · 1865

iambic tetrameter · ABAB · 96 lines · from Anti-Slavery Poems and Songs of Labor and Reform

ALL grim and soiled and brown with tan,I saw a Strong One, in his wrath,Smiting the godless shrines of manAlong his path.

The Church, beneath her trembling dome,Essayed in vain her ghostly charmWealth shook within his gilded homeWith strange alarm.

Fraud from his secret chambers fledBefore the sunlight bursting inSloth drew her pillow o'er her headTo drown the din.

"Spare," Art implored, "yon holy pile;That grand, old, time-worn turret spare;"Meek Reverence, kneeling in the aisle,Cried out, "Forbear!"

Gray-bearded Use, who, deaf and blind,Groped for his old accustomed stone,Leaned on his staff, and wept to findHis seat o'erthrown.

Young Romance raised his dreamy eyes,O'erhung with paly locks of gold,--"Why smite," he asked in sad surprise,"The fair, the old?"

Yet louder rang the Strong One's stroke,Yet nearer flashed his axe's gleam;Shuddering and sick of heart I woke,As from a dream.

I looked: aside the dust-cloud rolled,The Waster seemed the Builder too;Upspringing from the ruined OldI saw the New.

'T was but the ruin of the bad,--The wasting of the wrong and ill;Whate'er of good the old time hadWas living still.

Calm grew the brows of him I feared;The frown which awed me passed away,And left behind a smile which cheeredLike breaking day.

The grain grew green on battle-plains,O'er swarded war-mounds grazed the cow;The slave stood forging from his chainsThe spade and plough.

Where frowned the fort, pavilions gayAnd cottage windows, flower-entwined,Looked out upon the peaceful bayAnd hills behind.

Through vine-wreathed cups with wine once red,The lights on brimming crystal fell,Drawn, sparkling, from the rivulet headAnd mossy well.

Through prison walls, like Heaven-sent hope,Fresh breezes blew, and sunbeams strayed,And with the idle gallows-ropeThe young child played.

Where the doomed victim in his cellHad counted o'er the weary hours,Glad school-girls, answering to the bell,Came crowned with flowers.

Grown wiser for the lesson given,I fear no longer, for I knowThat, where the share is deepest driven,The best fruits grow.

The outworn rite, the old abuse,The pious fraud transparent grown,The good held captive in the useOf wrong alone,--

These wait their doom, from that great lawWhich makes the past time serve to-day;And fresher life the world shall drawFrom their decay.

Oh, backward-looking son of time!The new is old, the old is new,The cycle of a change sublimeStill sweeping through.

So wisely taught the Indian seer;Destroying Seva, forming Brahm,Who wake by turns Earth's love and fear,Are one, the same.

Idly as thou, in that old dayThou mournest, did thy sire repine;So, in his time, thy child grown grayShall sigh for thine.

But life shall on and upward go;Th' eternal step of Progress beatsTo that great anthem, calm and slow,Which God repeats.

Take heart! the Waster builds again,A charmed life old Goodness bath;The tares may perish, but the grainIs not for death.

God works in all things; all obeyHis first propulsion from the nightWake thou and watch! the world is grayWith morning light!

Words in this poem

godless a.
Having, or acknowledging, no God; without reverence for God; impious; wicked.
ghostly a.
Relating to the soul; not carnal or secular; spiritual; as, a ghostly confessor. [OE. gastlich, gostlich, AS. gastlic. See Ghost.]
wealth n.
Weal; welfare; prosperity; good. [OE. welthe, from wele; cf. D. weelde luxury. See Weal prosperity.]
shook v. t.
To pack, as staves, in a shook.
dreamy a.
Abounding in dreams or given to dreaming; appropriate to, or like, dreams; visionary.
paly a.
Pale; wanting color; dim. Shak. Whittier. [From Pale, a.]
waster n.
One who, or that which, wastes; one who squanders; one who consumes or expends extravagantly; a spendthrift; a prodigal. [OE. wastour, OF. wasteor, gasteor. See Waste, v. t.]
swarded a.
Covered with sward. Mrs. Browning.
brimming a.
Full to the brim; overflowing.
shall v. i.
To owe; to be under obligation for. [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen,]
sire n.
A lord, master, or other person in authority. See Sir. [F. sire, originally, an older person. See Sir.]
repine v. i.
To fail; to wane. [Pref. re- + pine to languish.]
anthem v. t.
To celebrate with anthems.
propulsion n.
The act driving forward or away; the act or process of propelling; as, steam propulsion. [Cf. F. propulsion. See Propel.]

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

The Reformer is in the public domain. This text is taken from Anti-Slavery Poems and Songs of Labor and Reform, Complete Volume III of The Works of John Greenleaf Whittier, Project Gutenberg ebook #9580; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: John Greenleaf Whittier, The Reformer, in Anti-Slavery Poems and Songs of Labor and Reform (1865), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #9580, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/whittier-anti-slavery/the-reformer.html, id L24947.

Form and metre

The Reformer is 96 lines in 24 stanzas of 4 lines each. The rhyme scheme is ABAB, complete in 20 of its 24 stanzas. The metre is iambic tetrameter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 92%).

See other poems in iambic tetrameter.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 1 ABAB tanA · wrathB · manA · pathB
  2. 2 ABAB domeA · charmB · homeA · alarmB
  3. 3 ABAB fledA · inB · headA · dinB
  4. 4 A-A- pileA · spare · aisleA · forbear
  5. 5 ABAB blindA · stoneB · findA · o'erthrownB
  6. 6 ABAB eyesA · goldB · surpriseA · oldB
  7. 7 ABAB strokeA · gleamB · wokeA · dreamB
  8. 8 ABAB rolledA · tooB · oldA · newB
  9. 9 ABAB badA · illB · hadA · stillB
  10. 10 ABAB fearedA · awayB · cheeredA · dayB
  11. 11 ABAB plainsA · cowB · chainsA · ploughB
  12. 12 ABAB gayA · entwinedB · bayA · behindB
  13. 13 ABAB redA · fellB · headA · wellB
  14. 14 ABAB hopeA · strayedB · ropeA · playedB
  15. 15 ABAB cellA · hoursB · bellA · flowersB
  16. 16 ABAB givenA · knowB · drivenA · growB
  17. 17 ABAB abuseA · grownB · useA · aloneB
  18. 18 ABAB lawA · dayB · drawA · decayB
  19. 19 ABAB timeA · newB · sublimeA · throughB
  20. 20 A-A- seerA · brahm · fearA · same
  21. 21 A-A- dayA · repine · grayA · thine
  22. 22 ABAB goA · beatsB · slowA · repeatsB
  23. 23 A-A- againA · bath · grainA · death
  24. 24 ABAB obeyA · nightB · grayA · lightB
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against iambic tetrameter. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
ALL grim and soiled and brown with tan,8········
I saw a Strong One, in his wrath,8········
Smiting the godless shrines of man8/˘·/˘···
Along his path.4˘/··
The Church, beneath her trembling dome,8·····/˘·
Essayed in vain her ghostly charm8˘/···/˘·
Wealth shook within his gilded home8·····/˘·
With strange alarm.4··˘/
Fraud from his secret chambers fled8···/˘/˘·
Before the sunlight bursting in8···/·/˘·
Sloth drew her pillow o'er her head8···/˘···
To drown the din.4····
"Spare," Art implored, "yon holy pile;8··˘/·/˘·
That grand, old, time-worn turret spare;"8·····/˘·
Meek Reverence, kneeling in the aisle,8·/˘/˘···
Cried out, "Forbear!"4··˘/
Gray-bearded Use, who, deaf and blind,8·/˘·····
Groped for his old accustomed stone,8····˘/˘·
Leaned on his staff, and wept to find8········
His seat o'erthrown.4····
Young Romance raised his dreamy eyes,8·/˘··/˘·
O'erhung with paly locks of gold,--8···/˘···
"Why smite," he asked in sad surprise,8······˘/
"The fair, the old?"4····
Yet louder rang the Strong One's stroke,8·/˘·····
Yet nearer flashed his axe's gleam;8·/˘··/˘·
Shuddering and sick of heart I woke,8/˘······
As from a dream.4····
I looked: aside the dust-cloud rolled,8··˘/····
The Waster seemed the Builder too;8·/˘··/˘·
Upspringing from the ruined Old8·····/˘·
I saw the New.4····
'T was but the ruin of the bad,--8····/···
The wasting of the wrong and ill;8·/˘·····
Whate'er of good the old time had9˘˘/······
Was living still.4·/˘·
Calm grew the brows of him I feared;8········
The frown which awed me passed away,8······˘/
And left behind a smile which cheered8········
Like breaking day.4·/˘·
The grain grew green on battle-plains,8·····/˘·
O'er swarded war-mounds grazed the cow;8·/˘·····
The slave stood forging from his chains8···/˘···
The spade and plough.4····
Where frowned the fort, pavilions gay8····˘/˘·
And cottage windows, flower-entwined,8·/˘/˘/˘/
Looked out upon the peaceful bay8·····/˘·
And hills behind.4····
Through vine-wreathed cups with wine once red,8········
The lights on brimming crystal fell,8···/˘/˘·
Drawn, sparkling, from the rivulet head9·/˘··/˘˘·
And mossy well.4·/˘·
Through prison walls, like Heaven-sent hope,8·/˘··/··
Fresh breezes blew, and sunbeams strayed,8·/˘··/··
And with the idle gallows-rope8···/˘/˘·
The young child played.4····
Where the doomed victim in his cell8···/˘···
Had counted o'er the weary hours,9·/˘··/˘/˘
Glad school-girls, answering to the bell,8···/˘···
Came crowned with flowers.5···/˘
Grown wiser for the lesson given,9·/˘··/˘/˘
I fear no longer, for I know8···/˘···
That, where the share is deepest driven,9·····/˘/˘
The best fruits grow.4····
The outworn rite, the old abuse,8······˘/
The pious fraud transparent grown,8·/˘·˘/˘·
The good held captive in the use8···/˘···
Of wrong alone,--4··˘/
These wait their doom, from that great law8········
Which makes the past time serve to-day;8········
And fresher life the world shall draw8·/˘·····
From their decay.4··˘/
Oh, backward-looking son of time!8·/˘/˘···
The new is old, the old is new,8········
The cycle of a change sublime8·/˘···˘/
Still sweeping through.4·/˘·
So wisely taught the Indian seer;8·/˘··/˘·
Destroying Seva, forming Brahm,8˘/˘··/˘·
Who wake by turns Earth's love and fear,8········
Are one, the same.4····
Idly as thou, in that old day8/˘······
Thou mournest, did thy sire repine;8·/˘··/˘/
So, in his time, thy child grown gray8········
Shall sigh for thine.4····
But life shall on and upward go;8·····/˘·
Th' eternal step of Progress beats8˘/˘··/··
To that great anthem, calm and slow,8···/˘···
Which God repeats.4··˘/
Take heart! the Waster builds again,8···/˘·˘/
A charmed life old Goodness bath;8··˘··/˘·
The tares may perish, but the grain8···/˘···
Is not for death.4····
God works in all things; all obey8······˘/
His first propulsion from the night8··˘/˘···
Wake thou and watch! the world is gray8········
With morning light!4·/˘·

The reader shows the same poem with its rhymes coloured and a stress row above each line, the notes beside their stanzas, and any word's definition on a tap; the analysis page takes the whole book apart. How every part of this site was made.

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