A Letter

John Greenleaf Whittier (1807–1892) · 1865

iambic tetrameter · 136 lines · from Anti-Slavery Poems and Songs of Labor and Reform

'T is over, Moses! All is lostI hear the bells a-ringing;Of Pharaoh and his Red Sea hostI hear the Free-Wills singingWe're routed, Moses, horse and foot,If there be truth in figures,With Federal Whigs in hot pursuit,And Hale, and all the "niggers."

Alack! alas! this month or moreWe've felt a sad foreboding;Our very dreams the burden boreOf central cliques exploding;Before our eyes a furnace shone,Where heads of dough were roasting,And one we took to be your ownThe traitor Hale was toasting!

Our Belknap brother (5) heard with aweThe Congo minstrels playing;At Pittsfield Reuben Leavitt (6) sawThe ghost of Storrs a-praying;And Calroll's woods were sad to see,With black-winged crows a-darting;And Black Snout looked on Ossipee,New-glossed with Day and Martin.

We thought the "Old Man of the Notch"His face seemed changing wholly--His lips seemed thick; his nose seemed flat;His misty hair looked woolly;And Coos teamsters, shrieking, fledFrom the metamorphosed figure."Look there!" they said, "the Old Stone HeadHimself is turning nigger!"

The schoolhouse, out of Canaan hauledSeemed turning on its track again,And like a great swamp-turtle crawledTo Canaan village back again,Shook off the mud and settled flatUpon its underpinning;A nigger on its ridge-pole sat,From ear to ear a-grinning.

Gray H----d heard o' nights the soundOf rail-cars onward faring;Right over Democratic groundThe iron horse came tearing.A flag waved o'er that spectral train,As high as Pittsfield steeple;Its emblem was a broken chain;Its motto: "To the people!"

I dreamed that Charley took his bed,With Hale for his physician;His daily dose an old "unreadAnd unreferred" petition.There Hayes and Tuck as nurses sat,As near as near could be, man;They leeched him with the "Democrat;"They blistered with the "Freeman."

Ah! grisly portents! What availYour terrors of forewarning?We wake to find the nightmare HaleAstride our breasts at morning!From Portsmouth lights to Indian streamOur foes their throats are trying;The very factory-spindles seemTo mock us while they're flying.

The hills have bonfires; in our streetsFlags flout us in our faces;The newsboys, peddling off their sheets,Are hoarse with our disgraces.In vain we turn, for gibing witAnd shoutings follow after,As if old Kearsarge had splitHis granite sides with laughter.

What boots it that we pelted outThe anti-slavery women,And bravely strewed their hall aboutWith tattered lace and trimming?Was it for such a sad reverseOur mobs became peacemakers,And kept their tar and wooden horseFor Englishmen and Quakers?

For this did shifty AthertonMake gag rules for the Great House?Wiped we for this our feet uponPetitions in our State House?Plied we for this our axe of doom,No stubborn traitor sparing,Who scoffed at our opinion loom,And took to homespun wearing?

Ah, Moses! hard it is to scanThese crooked providences,Deducing from the wisest planThe saddest consequences!Strange that, in trampling as was meetThe nigger-men's petition,We sprang a mine beneath our feetWhich opened up perdition.

How goodly, Moses, was the gameIn which we've long been actors,Supplying freedom with the nameAnd slavery with the practiceOur smooth words fed the people's mouth,Their ears our party rattle;We kept them headed to the South,As drovers do their cattle.

But now our game of politicsThe world at large is learning;And men grown gray in all our tricksState's evidence are turning.Votes and preambles subtly spunThey cram with meanings louder,And load the Democratic gunWith abolition powder.

The ides of June! Woe worth the dayWhen, turning all things over,The traitor Hale shall make his hayFrom Democratic clover!Who then shall take him in the law,Who punish crime so flagrant?Whose hand shall serve, whose pen shall draw,A writ against that "vagrant"?

Alas! no hope is left us here,And one can only pine forThe envied place of overseerOf slaves in Carolina!Pray, Moses, give Calhoun the wink,And see what pay he's giving!We've practised long enough, we think,To know the art of driving.

And for the faithful rank and file,Who know their proper stations,Perhaps it may be worth their whileTo try the rice plantations.Let Hale exult, let Wilson scoff,To see us southward scamper;The slaves, we know, are "better offThan laborers in New Hampshire!"

Words in this poem 24
pharaoh n.
A title by which the sovereigns of ancient Egypt were designated. [Heb. paroh; of Egyptian origin: cf. L. pharao, Gr. Faro.]
alack interj.
An exclamation expressive of sorrow. [Prob. from ah! lack! OE. lak loss, failure, misfortune. See Lack.]
toasting
a. & n. from Toast, v. Toasting fork, a long-handled fork for toasting bread, cheese, or the like, by the fire.
congo n.
Black tea, of higher grade (finer leaf and less dusty) than the present bohea. See Tea. [Chin. kung-foo labor.]
ghost n.
The spirit; the soul of man. [OE. gast, gost, soul, spirit, AS. gast breath, spirit, soul; akin to OS. g spirit, soul, D. geest, G. geist, and prob. to E. gaze, ghastly.]
nigger n.
A negro; -- in vulgar derision or depreciation.
schoolhouse n.
A house appropriated for the use of a school or schools, or for instruction.
shook v. t.
To pack, as staves, in a shook.
underpinning n.
The act of one who underpins; the act of supporting by stones, masonry, or the like.
unread a.
Not read or perused; as, an unread book. Hooker.
democrat n.
One who is an adherent or advocate of democracy, or government by the people. [Cf. F. démocrate.]
astride adv.
With one leg on each side, as a man when on horseback; with the legs stretched wide apart; astraddle. [Pref. a- + stride.]
peddling a.
Hawking; acting as a peddler.
bravely adv.
In a brave manner; courageously; gallantly; valiantly; splendidly; nobly.
shifty a.
Full of, or ready with, shifts; fertile in expedients or contrivance. Wright.
homespun a.
Spun or wrought at home; of domestic manufacture; coarse; plain.
scan v. t.
To mount by steps; to go through with step by step. [L. scandere, scansum, to climb, to scan, akin to Skr. skand to spring, leap: cf. F. scander. Cf. Ascend, Descend, Scale a ladder.]
perdition n.
Entire loss; utter destruction; ruin; esp., the utter loss of the soul, or of final happiness in a future state; future misery or eternal death. [F., fr. L. perditio, fr. perdere, perditum, to ruin, to lose; per (cf. Skr. para away) + -dere (only in comp.) to put; akin to Gr. do. See Do.]
goodly a.
Pleasant; agreeable; desirable. [OE. godlich, AS. g. See Good, and Like.]
subtly adv.
In a subtle manner; slyly; artfully; cunningly.
ides n.
The fifteenth day of March, May, July, and October, and the thirteenth day of the other months. [L. idus: cf. F. ides.]
shall v. i.
To owe; to be under obligation for. [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen,]
flagrant a.
Flaming; inflamed; glowing; burning; ardent. [L. flagrans, -antis, p.pr. of flagrate to burn, akin to Gr. flagrant. Cf. Flame, Phlox.]
scamper v. i.
To run with speed; to run or move in a quick, hurried manner; to hasten away. [OF. escamper to escape, to save one's self; L. ex from + campus the field (sc. of battle). See Camp, and cf. Decamp, Scamp, n., Shamble, v. t.]

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

A Letter is in the public domain. This text is taken from Anti-Slavery Poems and Songs of Labor and Reform, Complete Volume III of The Works of John Greenleaf Whittier, Project Gutenberg ebook #9580; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: John Greenleaf Whittier, A Letter, in Anti-Slavery Poems and Songs of Labor and Reform (1865), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #9580, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/whittier-anti-slavery/a-letter.html, id L24872.

Form and metre

A Letter is 136 lines in 17 stanzas of 8 lines each. The commonest rhyme scheme is ABABCDCD, in 7 of the 17 stanzas; the rest vary or could not be confirmed. The metre is iambic tetrameter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 91%).

See other poems in iambic tetrameter.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 1 -A-A---- lost · ringingA · host · singingA · foot · figures · pursuit · niggers
  2. 2 ABABCDCD moreA · forebodingB · boreA · explodingB · shoneC · roastingD · ownC · toastingD
  3. 3 ABABC-C- aweA · playingB · sawA · prayingB · seeC · darting · ossipeeC · martin
  4. 4 ----A-A- notch · wholly · flat · woolly · fledA · figure · headA · nigger
  5. 5 ABABCDCD hauledA · againB · crawledA · againB · flatC · underpinningD · satC · grinningD
  6. 6 A-A-BCBC soundA · faring · groundA · tearing · trainB · steepleC · chainB · peopleC
  7. 7 ABABCBCB bedA · physicianB · unreadA · petitionB · satC · manB · democratC · freemanB
  8. 8 ABABCDCD availA · forewarningB · haleA · morningB · streamC · tryingD · seemC · flyingD
  9. 9 ABABCDCD streetsA · facesB · sheetsA · disgracesB · witC · afterD · splitC · laughterD
  10. 10 A-A--B-B outA · women · aboutA · trimming · reverse · peacemakersB · horse · quakersB
  11. 11 ABABCDCD athertonA · houseB · uponA · houseB · doomC · sparingD · loomC · wearingD
  12. 12 A-A-BCBC scanA · providences · planA · consequences · meetB · petitionC · feetB · perditionC
  13. 13 A-A-BCBC gameA · actors · nameA · practice · mouthB · rattleC · southB · cattleC
  14. 14 ABABCDCD politicsA · learningB · tricksA · turningB · spunC · louderD · gunC · powderD
  15. 15 ABABCDCD dayA · overB · hayA · cloverB · lawC · flagrantD · drawC · vagrantD
  16. 16 ----A-A- here · for · overseer · carolina · winkA · giving · thinkA · driving
  17. 17 ABABC-C- fileA · stationsB · whileA · plantationsB · scoffC · scamper · offC · hampshire
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against iambic tetrameter. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
'T is over, Moses! All is lost8···/˘···
I hear the bells a-ringing;7·····/˘
Of Pharaoh and his Red Sea host8·/˘·····
I hear the Free-Wills singing7·····/˘
We're routed, Moses, horse and foot,8·/˘/˘···
If there be truth in figures,7·····/˘
With Federal Whigs in hot pursuit,8·/˘···˘/
And Hale, and all the "niggers."7·····/˘
Alack! alas! this month or more8˘/˘/····
We've felt a sad foreboding;7····˘/˘
Our very dreams the burden bore8//˘··/˘·
Of central cliques exploding;7·/˘·˘/˘
Before our eyes a furnace shone,8··/··/˘·
Where heads of dough were roasting,7·····/˘
And one we took to be your own8········
The traitor Hale was toasting!7·/˘··/˘
Our Belknap brother (5) heard with awe8//˘/˘···
The Congo minstrels playing;7·/˘/˘/˘
At Pittsfield Reuben Leavitt (6) saw8·/˘/˘/˘·
The ghost of Storrs a-praying;7·····/˘
And Calroll's woods were sad to see,8········
With black-winged crows a-darting;8···˘··/˘
And Black Snout looked on Ossipee,8········
New-glossed with Day and Martin.8··˘···/˘
We thought the "Old Man of the Notch"8········
His face seemed changing wholly--8···˘/˘/˘
His lips seemed thick; his nose seemed flat;8········
His misty hair looked woolly;8·/˘··˘/˘
And Coos teamsters, shrieking, fled7··/˘/˘·
From the metamorphosed figure.8···˘/˘/˘
"Look there!" they said, "the Old Stone Head8········
Himself is turning nigger!"7˘/·/˘/˘
The schoolhouse, out of Canaan hauled8·/···/˘·
Seemed turning on its track again,8·/˘···˘/
And like a great swamp-turtle crawled8·····/˘·
To Canaan village back again,8·/˘/˘·˘/
Shook off the mud and settled flat8·····/˘·
Upon its underpinning;7···/˘·˘
A nigger on its ridge-pole sat,8·/˘·····
From ear to ear a-grinning.7·····/˘
Gray H----d heard o' nights the sound8········
Of rail-cars onward faring;7···/˘/˘
Right over Democratic ground8····˘/˘·
The iron horse came tearing.7·/˘··/˘
A flag waved o'er that spectral train,8·····/˘·
As high as Pittsfield steeple;7···/˘/˘
Its emblem was a broken chain;8·/˘··/˘·
Its motto: "To the people!"7·/˘··/˘
I dreamed that Charley took his bed,8···/˘···
With Hale for his physician;7····˘/˘
His daily dose an old "unread8·/˘···˘/
And unreferred" petition.8····˘˘/˘
There Hayes and Tuck as nurses sat,8·····/˘·
As near as near could be, man;7·······
They leeched him with the "Democrat;"8·····/˘·
They blistered with the "Freeman."8·/˘˘··/˘
Ah! grisly portents! What avail8·/˘/··˘/
Your terrors of forewarning?7·/˘·˘/˘
We wake to find the nightmare Hale8·····/··
Astride our breasts at morning!8˘//˘··/˘
From Portsmouth lights to Indian stream8·/˘··/˘·
Our foes their throats are trying;8/˘····/˘
The very factory-spindles seem8·/˘/˘/˘·
To mock us while they're flying.7·····/˘
The hills have bonfires; in our streets8···/˘·/·
Flags flout us in our faces;8····/˘/˘
The newsboys, peddling off their sheets,8···/˘···
Are hoarse with our disgraces.8···/˘˘/˘
In vain we turn, for gibing wit8········
And shoutings follow after,7·/˘/˘··
As if old Kearsarge had split7···/˘··
His granite sides with laughter.7·/˘··/˘
What boots it that we pelted out8·····/˘·
The anti-slavery women,8·/˘/˘˘/˘
And bravely strewed their hall about8·/˘·····
With tattered lace and trimming?8·/˘˘··/˘
Was it for such a sad reverse8······˘/
Our mobs became peacemakers,8/˘·˘//·˘
And kept their tar and wooden horse8·····/˘·
For Englishmen and Quakers?7··/˘·/˘
For this did shifty Atherton8···/˘/˘˘
Make gag rules for the Great House?7·······
Wiped we for this our feet upon8····/···
Petitions in our State House?8˘/˘·/˘··
Plied we for this our axe of doom,8····/···
No stubborn traitor sparing,7·/˘/˘/˘
Who scoffed at our opinion loom,8···/˘/˘·
And took to homespun wearing?7···/·/˘
Ah, Moses! hard it is to scan8·/˘·····
These crooked providences,8·/˘˘/˘˘˘
Deducing from the wisest plan8˘/˘··/˘·
The saddest consequences!7·/˘/˘·˘
Strange that, in trampling as was meet8···/˘···
The nigger-men's petition,7·/˘·˘/˘
We sprang a mine beneath our feet8······/·
Which opened up perdition.8·/˘˘·˘/˘
How goodly, Moses, was the game8·/˘/˘···
In which we've long been actors,7·····/˘
Supplying freedom with the name8˘/˘/˘···
And slavery with the practice8·/˘˘··/˘
Our smooth words fed the people's mouth,8/····/˘·
Their ears our party rattle;8··/˘/˘/˘
We kept them headed to the South,8···/˘···
As drovers do their cattle.7·/˘··/˘
But now our game of politics8··/··/˘·
The world at large is learning;7·····/˘
And men grown gray in all our tricks8······/·
State's evidence are turning.7·/˘˘·/˘
Votes and preambles subtly spun8··˘/˘/˘·
They cram with meanings louder,7···/˘/˘
And load the Democratic gun8····˘/˘·
With abolition powder.7··˘/˘/˘
The ides of June! Woe worth the day8········
When, turning all things over,7·/˘····
The traitor Hale shall make his hay8·/˘·····
From Democratic clover!7··˘/˘/˘
Who then shall take him in the law,8········
Who punish crime so flagrant?7·/˘··/˘
Whose hand shall serve, whose pen shall draw,8········
A writ against that "vagrant"?7·····/˘
Alas! no hope is left us here,8˘/······
And one can only pine for7···/˘··
The envied place of overseer9·/˘··/˘/˘
Of slaves in Carolina!7····˘/˘
Pray, Moses, give Calhoun the wink,8·/˘·˘/··
And see what pay he's giving!7·····/˘
We've practised long enough, we think,8····˘/··
To know the art of driving.7·····/˘
And for the faithful rank and file,8···/˘···
Who know their proper stations,7···/˘/˘
Perhaps it may be worth their while8˘/······
To try the rice plantations.7·····/˘
Let Hale exult, let Wilson scoff,8··˘/·/˘·
To see us southward scamper;7···/˘/˘
The slaves, we know, are "better off8·····/˘·
Than laborers in New Hampshire!"8·/˘˘··/˘

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