To Varus

Virgil (70 BC–19 BC) · 1881

iambic pentameter · 109 lines · from The Eclogues

First my Thalia stooped in sportive moodTo Syracusan strains, nor blushed withinThe woods to house her. When I sought to tellOf battles and of kings, the Cynthian godPlucked at mine ear and warned me: "Tityrus,Beseems a shepherd-wight to feed fat sheep,But sing a slender song." Now, Varus, I-For lack there will not who would laud thy deeds,And treat of dolorous wars- will rather tuneTo the slim oaten reed my silvan lay.I sing but as vouchsafed me; yet even thisIf, if but one with ravished eyes should read,Of thee, O Varus, shall our tamarisksAnd all the woodland ring; nor can there beA page more dear to Phoebus, than the pageWhere, foremost writ, the name of Varus stands.

Speed ye, Pierian Maids! Within a caveYoung Chromis and Mnasyllos chanced to seeSilenus sleeping, flushed, as was his wont,With wine of yesterday. Not far aloof,Slipped from his head, the garlands lay, and thereBy its worn handle hung a ponderous cup.Approaching- for the old man many a timeHad balked them both of a long hoped-for song-Garlands to fetters turned, they bind him fast.Then Aegle, fairest of the Naiad-band,Aegle came up to the half-frightened boys,Came, and, as now with open eyes he lay,With juice of blood-red mulberries smeared him o'er,Both brow and temples. Laughing at their guile,And crying, "Why tie the fetters? loose me, boys;Enough for you to think you had the power;Now list the songs you wish for- songs for you,Another meed for her" -forthwith began.Then might you see the wild things of the wood,With Fauns in sportive frolic beat the time,And stubborn oaks their branchy summits bow.Not Phoebus doth the rude Parnassian cragSo ravish, nor Orpheus so entrance the heightsOf Rhodope or Ismarus: for he sangHow through the mighty void the seeds were drivenOf earth, air, ocean, and of liquid fire,How all that is from these beginnings grew,And the young world itself took solid shape,Then 'gan its crust to harden, and in the deepShut Nereus off, and mould the forms of thingsLittle by little; and how the earth amazedBeheld the new sun shining, and the showersFall, as the clouds soared higher, what time the woods'Gan first to rise, and living things to roamScattered among the hills that knew them not.Then sang he of the stones by Pyrrha cast,Of Saturn's reign, and of Prometheus' theft,And the Caucasian birds, and told withalNigh to what fountain by his comrades leftThe mariners cried on Hylas till the shore"Then Re-echoed "Hylas, Hylas! soothedPasiphae with the love of her white bull-Happy if cattle-kind had never been!-O ill-starred maid, what frenzy caught thy soulThe daughters too of Proetus filled the fieldsWith their feigned lowings, yet no one of themOf such unhallowed union e'er was fainAs with a beast to mate, though many a timeOn her smooth forehead she had sought for horns,And for her neck had feared the galling plough.O ill-starred maid! thou roamest now the hills,While on soft hyacinths he, his snowy sideReposing, under some dark ilex nowChews the pale herbage, or some heifer tracksAmid the crowding herd. Now close, ye Nymphs,Ye Nymphs of Dicte, close the forest-glades,If haply there may chance upon mine eyesThe white bull's wandering foot-prints: him belikeFollowing the herd, or by green pasture lured,Some kine may guide to the Gortynian stalls.Then sings he of the maid so wonder-struckWith the apples of the Hesperids, and thenWith moss-bound, bitter bark rings round the formsOf Phaethon's fair sisters, from the groundUp-towering into poplars. Next he singsOf Gallus wandering by Permessus' stream,And by a sister of the Muses ledTo the Aonian mountains, and how allThe choir of Phoebus rose to greet him; howThe shepherd Linus, singer of songs divine,Brow-bound with flowers and bitter parsley, spake:"These reeds the Muses give thee, take them thou,Erst to the aged bard of Ascra given,Wherewith in singing he was wont to drawTime-rooted ash-trees from the mountain heights.With these the birth of the Grynean groveBe voiced by thee, that of no grove besideApollo more may boast him." Wherefore speakOf Scylla, child of Nisus, who, 'tis said,Her fair white loins with barking monsters girtVexed the Dulichian ships, and, in the deepSwift-eddying whirlpool, with her sea-dogs toreThe trembling mariners? or how he toldOf the changed limbs of Tereus- what a feast,What gifts, to him by Philomel were given;How swift she sought the desert, with what wingsHovered in anguish o'er her ancient home?All that, of old, Eurotas, happy stream,Heard, as Apollo mused upon the lyre,And bade his laurels learn, Silenus sang;Till from Olympus, loth at his approach,Vesper, advancing, bade the shepherds tellTheir tale of sheep, and pen them in the fold.

Words in this poem 33
varus n.
A deformity in which the foot is turned inward. See Talipes.
dolorous a.
Full of grief; sad; sorrowful; doleful; dismal; as, a dolorous object; dolorous discourses. [L. dolorosus, from dolor: cf. F. douloureux. See Dolor.]
oaten a.
Consisting of an oat straw or stem; as, an oaten pipe.
silvan a.
Of or pertaining to woods; composed of woods or groves; woody. [L. silva, less correctly sylva, a wood or grove, perh. akin to Gr. "y`lh; cf. L. Silvanus Silvanus the god of woods: cf. F. sylvain silvan. Cf. Savage.]
shall v. i.
To owe; to be under obligation for. [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen,]
phoebus n.
Apollo; the sun god.
pierian a.
Of or pertaining to Pierides or Muses. [L. Pierius, from Mount Pierus, in Thessaly, sacred to the Muses.]
naiad n.
A water nymph; one of the lower female divinities, fabled to preside over some body of fresh water, as a lake, river, brook, or fountain. [L. naias, -adis, naïs, -idis, a water nymph, Gr naïade. Cf. Naid.]
meed v. t.
To reward; to repay. Waytt.
forthwith adv.
Immediately; without delay; directly.
branchy a.
Full of branches; having wide-spreading branches; consisting of branches.
parnassian a.
Of or pertaining to Parnassus. [L. Parnassius.]
crag n.
The neck or throat [A form of craw: cf. D. kraag neck, collar, G. kragen. See Craw.]
orpheus n.
The famous mythic Thracian poet, son of the Muse Calliope, and husband of Eurydice. He is reputed to have had power to entrance beasts and inanimate objects by the music of his lyre.
mould n.
Crumbling, soft, friable earth; esp., earth containing the remains or constituents of organic matter, and suited to the growth of plants; soil. [OE. molde, AS. molde; akin to D. mul, G. mull, mulm, OHG. molt, molta, Icel. mold, Dan. muld, Sw. mull, Goth. mulda, and E. meal flour. See Meal, and cf. Mole a]
caucasian a.
Of or pertaining to the Caucasus, a mountainous region between the Black and Caspian seas.
withal adv.
With this; with that. [With + all.]
unhallowed a.
Not consecrated; hence, profane; unholy; impious; wicked. [Pref. un- not + hallowed.]
fain v. t.
To be glad ; to wish or desire.
galling a.
Fitted to gall or chafe; vexing; harassing; irritating.
snowy a.
White like snow.
amid prep.
In the midst or middle of; surrounded or encompassed by; among. [OE. amidde, amiddes, on midden, AS. on middan, in the middle, fr. midde the middle. The s is an adverbial ending, originally marking the genitive; the t is a la]
haply adv.
By hap, chance, luck, or accident; perhaps; it may be.
belike adv.
It is likely or probably; perhaps. -- Be*like"ly, adv. [Pref. be- (for by) + like.]
aonian a.
Pertaining to Aonia, Boeotia, or to the Muses, who were supposed to dwell there. Aonian fount, the fountain of Aganippe, at the foot of Mount Helicon, not far from Thebes, and sacred to the Muses. [From Aonia, a part of Boeotia, in Greece.]
wherewith adv.
With which; -- used relatively.
voiced a.
Furnished with a voice; expressed by the voice.
wherefore adv.
For which reason; so; -- used relatively. [Where + for.]
nisus n.
A striving; an effort; a conatus. [L., fr. niti, p.p. nisus, to strive.]
girt v. t.
To gird; to encircle; to invest by means of a girdle; to measure the girth of; as, to girt a tree. [From Girt, n., cf. Girth, v.]
tore n.
The dead grass that remains on mowing land in winter and spring. Mortimer. [Probably from the root of tear; cf. W. tór a break, cut, tóri to break, cut.]
bade
A form of the pat tense of Bid.
vesper n.
The evening star; Hesper; Venus, when seen after sunset; hence, the evening. [L., the evening, the evening star, the west; akin to Gr. west. Cf. Hesperian, Vespers.]

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

To Varus is in the public domain. This text is taken from The Bucolics and Eclogues, Project Gutenberg ebook #230; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: Virgil, To Varus, in The Eclogues (1881), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #230, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/virgil-eclogues/to-varus.html, id L25455.

Form and metre

To Varus is 109 lines in 2 stanzas. The metre is iambic pentameter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 86%).

See other poems in iambic pentameter.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 2 ------------------------------------A-A----------B--B---------------CD-CD-------------------- cave · see · wont · aloof · there · cup · time · song · fast · band · boys · lay · o'er · guile · boys · power · you · began · wood · time · bow · crag · heights · sang · driven · fire · grew · shape · deep · things · amazed · showers · woods · roam · not · cast · theftA · withal · leftA · shore · soothed · bull · been · soul · fields · them · fain · time · horns · ploughB · hills · side · nowB · tracks · nymphs · glades · eyes · belike · lured · stalls · struck · then · forms · ground · sings · stream · led · all · howC · divineD · spake · thouC · givenD · draw · heights · grove · beside · speak · said · girt · deep · tore · told · feast · given · wings · home · stream · lyre · sang · approach · tell · fold
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against iambic pentameter. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
First my Thalia stooped in sportive mood10··/˘·˘·/˘·
To Syracusan strains, nor blushed within10··········
The woods to house her. When I sought to tell10··········
Of battles and of kings, the Cynthian god10·/˘·······
Plucked at mine ear and warned me: "Tityrus,10··········
Beseems a shepherd-wight to feed fat sheep,10···/˘·····
But sing a slender song." Now, Varus, I-10···/˘··/˘·
For lack there will not who would laud thy deeds,10··········
And treat of dolorous wars- will rather tune11···/˘˘··/˘·
To the slim oaten reed my silvan lay.10···/˘··/˘·
I sing but as vouchsafed me; yet even this10········/·
If, if but one with ravished eyes should read,10··········
Of thee, O Varus, shall our tamarisks11···/˘·/˘/˘˘
And all the woodland ring; nor can there be10···/······
A page more dear to Phoebus, than the page10·····/˘···
Where, foremost writ, the name of Varus stands.10·/·····/˘·
Speed ye, Pierian Maids! Within a cave11··˘/˘˘·····
Young Chromis and Mnasyllos chanced to see10··········
Silenus sleeping, flushed, as was his wont,10˘/˘/˘·····
With wine of yesterday. Not far aloof,10···/˘···˘/
Slipped from his head, the garlands lay, and there10·····/˘···
By its worn handle hung a ponderous cup.10···/˘··/˘·
Approaching- for the old man many a time10˘/˘····/··
Had balked them both of a long hoped-for song-10··········
Garlands to fetters turned, they bind him fast.10/˘·/˘·····
Then Aegle, fairest of the Naiad-band,10···/˘··/˘·
Aegle came up to the half-frightened boys,10·······/˘·
Came, and, as now with open eyes he lay,10·····/˘···
With juice of blood-red mulberries smeared him o'er,11·····/·˘···
Both brow and temples. Laughing at their guile,10···/˘/˘···
And crying, "Why tie the fetters? loose me, boys;11·/˘···/˘···
Enough for you to think you had the power;11˘/·······/˘
Now list the songs you wish for- songs for you,10··········
Another meed for her" -forthwith began.10˘/˘···//˘/
Then might you see the wild things of the wood,10··········
With Fauns in sportive frolic beat the time,10···/˘/˘···
And stubborn oaks their branchy summits bow.10·/˘··/˘/˘·
Not Phoebus doth the rude Parnassian crag10·/˘···˘/˘·
So ravish, nor Orpheus so entrance the heights11·/˘·/˘·/˘··
Of Rhodope or Ismarus: for he sang10··········
How through the mighty void the seeds were driven11···/˘····/˘
Of earth, air, ocean, and of liquid fire,11···/˘··/˘/˘
How all that is from these beginnings grew,10······˘/˘·
And the young world itself took solid shape,10····˘/·/˘·
Then 'gan its crust to harden, and in the deep11·····/˘····
Shut Nereus off, and mould the forms of things10··········
Little by little; and how the earth amazed11/˘·/˘····˘/
Beheld the new sun shining, and the showers11˘/···/˘··/˘
Fall, as the clouds soared higher, what time the woods10·····/····
'Gan first to rise, and living things to roam10·····/˘···
Scattered among the hills that knew them not.10/˘········
Then sang he of the stones by Pyrrha cast,10··········
Of Saturn's reign, and of Prometheus' theft,11·/˘···˘/˘˘·
And the Caucasian birds, and told withal10··˘/˘···˘/
Nigh to what fountain by his comrades left10···/˘··/··
The mariners cried on Hylas till the shore10·/˘·······
"Then Re-echoed "Hylas, Hylas! soothed10··/˘˘·····
Pasiphae with the love of her white bull-9·········
Happy if cattle-kind had never been!-10/˘·/˘··/˘·
O ill-starred maid, what frenzy caught thy soul10·····/˘···
The daughters too of Proetus filled the fields10·/˘·······
With their feigned lowings, yet no one of them10···/˘·····
Of such unhallowed union e'er was fain10··˘/˘/˘···
As with a beast to mate, though many a time10·······/··
On her smooth forehead she had sought for horns,10···/˘·····
And for her neck had feared the galling plough.10·······/˘·
O ill-starred maid! thou roamest now the hills,10·····/˘···
While on soft hyacinths he, his snowy side10···/˘··/˘·
Reposing, under some dark ilex now10/·˘····/˘·
Chews the pale herbage, or some heifer tracks10···/˘··/˘·
Amid the crowding herd. Now close, ye Nymphs,10˘/·/˘·····
Ye Nymphs of Dicte, close the forest-glades,9······/˘·
If haply there may chance upon mine eyes10·/˘·······
The white bull's wandering foot-prints: him belike10···/˘···˘/
Following the herd, or by green pasture lured,10/˘·····/˘·
Some kine may guide to the Gortynian stalls.10··········
Then sings he of the maid so wonder-struck10·······/˘·
With the apples of the Hesperids, and then11··/˘·······
With moss-bound, bitter bark rings round the forms10···/˘·····
Of Phaethon's fair sisters, from the ground9····/˘···
Up-towering into poplars. Next he sings10·/˘··/˘···
Of Gallus wandering by Permessus' stream,10·/˘/˘·····
And by a sister of the Muses led10···/˘··/˘·
To the Aonian mountains, and how all11··˘/˘˘/˘···
The choir of Phoebus rose to greet him; how10·/·/˘·····
The shepherd Linus, singer of songs divine,11·/˘/˘/˘··˘/
Brow-bound with flowers and bitter parsley, spake:10···/·/˘/˘·
"These reeds the Muses give thee, take them thou,10···/˘·····
Erst to the aged bard of Ascra given,10········/˘
Wherewith in singing he was wont to draw10˘/·/˘·····
Time-rooted ash-trees from the mountain heights.10·/˘····/˘·
With these the birth of the Grynean grove9·········
Be voiced by thee, that of no grove beside10········˘/
Apollo more may boast him." Wherefore speak10˘/˘····/˘·
Of Scylla, child of Nisus, who, 'tis said,10·/˘··/˘···
Her fair white loins with barking monsters girt10·····/˘/˘·
Vexed the Dulichian ships, and, in the deep10··········
Swift-eddying whirlpool, with her sea-dogs tore10·/˘/······
The trembling mariners? or how he told10·/˘/˘˘····
Of the changed limbs of Tereus- what a feast,10··········
What gifts, to him by Philomel were given;11·····/˘˘·/˘
How swift she sought the desert, with what wings10·····/˘···
Hovered in anguish o'er her ancient home?10/˘·/˘··/˘·
All that, of old, Eurotas, happy stream,10·······/˘·
Heard, as Apollo mused upon the lyre,10··˘/˘·····
And bade his laurels learn, Silenus sang;10···/˘·˘/˘·
Till from Olympus, loth at his approach,10··˘/˘···˘/
Vesper, advancing, bade the shepherds tell10/˘˘/˘··/˘·
Their tale of sheep, and pen them in the fold.10··········

The reader shows the same poem with its rhymes coloured and a stress row above each line, the notes beside their stanzas, and any word's definition on a tap; the analysis page takes the whole book apart. How every part of this site was made.

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