Kanva

Kalidasa (about 400), translated by Arthur W. Ryder · 1912

iambic tetrameter · 119 lines · from Shakuntala and Other Works

Shakuntala must go to-day;I miss her now at heart;I dare not speak a loving wordOr choking tears will start.

My eyes are dim with anxious thought;Love strikes me to the life:And yet I strove for pious peace--I have no child, no wife.

What must a father feel, when comeThe pangs of parting from his child at home?

Like Sharmishtha, Yayati's wife,Win favour measured by your worth;And may you bear a kingly sonLike Puru, who shall rule the earth.

The holy fires around the altar kindle,And at their margins sacred grass is piled;Beneath their sacrificial odours dwindleMisfortunes. May the fires protect you, child!

She would not drink till she had wetYour roots, a sister's duty,Nor pluck your flowers; she loves you yetFar more than selfish beauty.

'Twas festival in her pure lifeWhen budding blossoms showed;And now she leaves you as a wife--Oh, speed her on her road!

The trees are answering your prayerIn cooing cuckoo-song,Bidding Shakuntala farewell,Their sister for so long.

May lily-dotted lakes delight your eye;May shade-trees bid the heat of noonday cease;May soft winds blow the lotus-pollen nigh;May all your path be pleasantness and peace.

Gautami. My child, the fairies of the pious grove bid you farewell.For they love the household. Pay reverence to the holy ones.

Priyamvada. You are not the only one to feel sad at this farewell.See how the whole grove feels at parting from you.

The grass drops from the feeding doe;The peahen stops her dance;Pale, trembling leaves are falling slow,The tears of clinging plants.

Shakuntala (approaches the vine and embraces it). Vine sister,embrace me too with your arms, these branches. I shall be far awayfrom you after to-day. Father, you must care for her as you did forme.

My child, you found the lover whoHad long been sought by me;No longer need I watch for you;I'll give the vine a lover true,This handsome mango-tree.

Kanva. Anusuya! Priyamvada! Do not weep. It is you who should cheerShakuntala. (All walk about.)

It is the fawn whose lip, when tornBy kusha-grass, you soothed with oil;The fawn who gladly nibbled cornHeld in your hand; with loving toilYou have adopted him, and heWould never leave you willingly.

Be brave, and check the rising tearsThat dim your lovely eyes;Your feet are stumbling on the pathThat so uneven lies.

Kanva. Then let us rest in the shade of this fig-tree. (All doso.) What commands would it be fitting for me to lay on KingDushyanta? (He reflects.)

The sheldrake does not heed his mateWho calls behind the lotus-leaf;He drops the lily from his billAnd turns on you a glance of grief.

Remembering my religious worth,Your own high race, the love poured forthBy her, forgetful of her friends,Pay her what honour custom lendsTo all your wives. And what fate givesBeyond, will please her relatives.

Obey your elders; and be very kindTo rivals; never be perversely blindAnd angry with your husband, even though heShould prove less faithful than a man might be;Be as courteous to servants as you may,Not puffed with pride in this your happy day:Thus does a maiden grow into a wife;But self-willed women are the curse of life.

Gautami. This is advice sufficient for a bride. (To SHAKUNTALA.)You will not forget, my child.

Kanva. My daughter, they too must some day be given in marriage.Therefore they may not go to court. Gautami will go with you.

Shakuntala (throwing her arms about her father). I am torn frommy father's breast like a vine stripped from a sandal-tree on theMalabar hills. How can I live in another soil? (She weeps.)

A noble husband's honourable wife,You are to spend a busy, useful lifeIn the world's eye; and soon, as eastern skiesBring forth the sun, from you there shall ariseA child, a blessing and a comfort strong--You will not miss me, dearest daughter, long.

When you have shared for many yearsThe king's thoughts with the earth,When to a son who knows no fearsYou shall have given birth,

When, trusted to the son you love,Your royal labours cease,Come with your husband to the groveAnd end your days in peace.

My lonely sorrow will not go,For seeds you scattered hereBefore the cottage door, will grow;And I shall see them, dear.

Go. And peace go with you. (Exit SHAKUNTALA, with GAUTAMI,SHARNGARAVA, and SHARADVATA.)

The two friends (gazing long after her. Mournfully). Oh, oh!Shakuntala is lost among the trees.

Kanva. So love interprets. (He walks about, sunk in thought.) Ah!I have sent Shakuntala away, and now I am myself again. For

A girl is held in trust, another's treasure;To arms of love my child to-day is given;And now I feel a calm and sacred pleasure;I have restored the pledge that came from heaven.

Words in this poem 15
choking a.
That chokes; producing the feeling of strangulation.
favour n.
Kind regard; propitious aspect; countenance; friendly disposition; kindness; good will. [Written also favour.]
shall v. i.
To owe; to be under obligation for. [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen,]
piled a.
Having a pile or point; pointed. [From 2d Pile.]
sacrificial a.
Of or pertaining to sacrifice or sacrifices; consisting in sacrifice; performing sacrifice.
dwindle v. i.
To diminish; to become less; to shrink; to waste or consume away; to become degenerate; to fall away. [From OE. dwinen to languish, waste away, AS. dwinan; akin to LG. dwinen, D. dwijnen to vanish, Icel. dvina to cease, dwindle, Sw. tvina; of uncertain origin. Th]
noonday n.
Midday; twelve o'clock in the day; noon.
pollen n.
Fine bran or flour. Bailey.
pleasantness n.
The state or quality of being pleasant.
peahen n.
The hen or female peafowl. [See Peacock.]
gladly adv.
Preferably; by choice. [From Glad, a.]
willingly adv.
In a willing manner; with free will; without reluctance; cheerfully.
forgetful a.
Apt to forget; easily losing remembrance; as, a forgetful man should use helps to strengthen his memory.
honour n.
Esteem due or paid to worth; high estimation; respect; consideration; reverence; veneration; manifestation of respect or reverence. [OE. honor, honour, onour, onur, OF. honor, onor, honur, onur, honour, onour, F. honneur, fr. L. honor, honos.]
angry a.
Troublesome; vexatious; rigorous. [See Anger.]

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

Kanva is in the public domain. This text is taken from Shakuntala and Other Works, Project Gutenberg ebook #16659, the Arthur W. Ryder translation; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: Kalidasa, Kanva, in Shakuntala and Other Works (1912), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #16659, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/kalidasa-shakuntala/kanva.html, id L15636.

Form and metre

Kanva is 119 lines in 32 stanzas. This poem did not settle on a metre of its own; the book it comes from is in iambic tetrameter. 94% of its stressed syllables fall where the metre puts the beat. The lines average 9.4 syllables. 12 lines end on an unstressed syllable, a feminine ending. 32% of the lines run on without a stop at the line end.

See other poems in iambic tetrameter.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 1 -A-A day · heartA · word · startA
  2. 2 -A-A thought · lifeA · peace · wifeA
  3. 3 AA comeA · homeA
  4. 4 -A-A wife · worthA · son · earthA
  5. 5 ABAB kindleA · piledB · dwindleA · childB
  6. 6 ABAB wetA · dutyB · yetA · beautyB
  7. 7 ABAB lifeA · showedB · wifeA · roadB
  8. 8 -A-A prayer · songA · farewell · longA
  9. 9 ABAB eyeA · ceaseB · nighA · peaceB
  10. 12 A-A- doeA · dance · slowA · plants
  11. 14 ABAAB whoA · meB · youA · trueA · treeB
  12. 16 ABAB-- tornA · oilB · cornA · toilB · he · willingly
  13. 17 -A-A tears · eyesA · path · liesA
  14. 19 -A-A mate · leafA · bill · griefA
  15. 20 --AABB worth · forth · friendsA · lendsA · givesB · relativesB
  16. 21 AABBCCDD kindA · blindA · heB · beB · mayC · dayC · wifeD · lifeD
  17. 25 AABBCC wifeA · lifeA · skiesB · ariseB · strongC · longC
  18. 26 ABAB yearsA · earthB · fearsA · birthB
  19. 27 -A-A love · ceaseA · grove · peaceA
  20. 28 ABAB goA · hereB · growA · dearB
  21. 32 A-A- treasureA · given · pleasureA · heaven
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against iambic tetrameter. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
Shakuntala must go to-day;8········
I miss her now at heart;6······
I dare not speak a loving word8·····/˘·
Or choking tears will start.6·/˘···
My eyes are dim with anxious thought;8·····/˘·
Love strikes me to the life:6······
And yet I strove for pious peace--8·····/˘·
I have no child, no wife.6······
What must a father feel, when come8···/˘···
The pangs of parting from his child at home?10···/˘·····
Like Sharmishtha, Yayati's wife,7·······
Win favour measured by your worth;9·/˘/˘˘···
And may you bear a kingly son8·····/˘·
Like Puru, who shall rule the earth.8········
The holy fires around the altar kindle,11·/˘/···/˘/˘
And at their margins sacred grass is piled;10···/˘/˘···
Beneath their sacrificial odours dwindle11····˘/˘/˘/˘
Misfortunes. May the fires protect you, child!10˘/˘··/˘/··
She would not drink till she had wet8········
Your roots, a sister's duty,7···/˘/˘
Nor pluck your flowers; she loves you yet9···/˘····
Far more than selfish beauty.7···/˘/˘
'Twas festival in her pure life8·/˘˘····
When budding blossoms showed;6·/˘/˘·
And now she leaves you as a wife--8········
Oh, speed her on her road!6······
The trees are answering your prayer8···/˘˘··
In cooing cuckoo-song,6·/˘/··
Bidding Shakuntala farewell,8/˘·····/
Their sister for so long.6·/˘···
May lily-dotted lakes delight your eye;10·/˘/˘·˘/··
May shade-trees bid the heat of noonday cease;10·······/˘·
May soft winds blow the lotus-pollen nigh;10·····/˘/˘·
May all your path be pleasantness and peace.10·····/˘˘··
Gautami. My child, the fairies of the pious grove bid you farewell.16······/˘··/····/
For they love the household. Pay reverence to the holy ones.14····/··/˘··/˘·
Priyamvada. You are not the only one to feel sad at this farewell.17·······/˘·······/
See how the whole grove feels at parting from you.11·······/˘··
The grass drops from the feeding doe;8·····/˘·
The peahen stops her dance;6·/˘···
Pale, trembling leaves are falling slow,9·/˘˘··/˘·
The tears of clinging plants.6···/˘·
Shakuntala (approaches the vine and embraces it). Vine sister,17····˘/˘···˘/˘··/˘
embrace me too with your arms, these branches. I shall be far away16˘/······/˘····˘/
from you after to-day. Father, you must care for her as you did for17······/˘·········
me.1·
My child, you found the lover who8·····/˘·
Had long been sought by me;6······
No longer need I watch for you;8·/˘·····
I'll give the vine a lover true,8·····/˘·
This handsome mango-tree.6·/˘/˘·
Kanva. Anusuya! Priyamvada! Do not weep. It is you who should cheer17·················
Shakuntala. (All walk about.)8········
It is the fawn whose lip, when torn8········
By kusha-grass, you soothed with oil;9······˘··
The fawn who gladly nibbled corn9···/˘/˘˘·
Held in your hand; with loving toil8·····/˘·
You have adopted him, and he8··˘/˘···
Would never leave you willingly.8·/˘··/˘˘
Be brave, and check the rising tears8·····/˘·
That dim your lovely eyes;6···/˘·
Your feet are stumbling on the path9···/˘˘···
That so uneven lies.6··˘/˘·
Kanva. Then let us rest in the shade of this fig-tree. (All do15···············
so.) What commands would it be fitting for me to lay on King15··˘/···/˘······
Dushyanta? (He reflects.)6····˘/
The sheldrake does not heed his mate8·/˘·····
Who calls behind the lotus-leaf;8·····/˘·
He drops the lily from his bill8···/˘···
And turns on you a glance of grief.8········
Remembering my religious worth,9˘/˘˘·˘/˘·
Your own high race, the love poured forth9·······˘·
By her, forgetful of her friends,8··˘/˘···
Pay her what honour custom lends8···/˘/˘·
To all your wives. And what fate gives8········
Beyond, will please her relatives.8·····/˘˘
Obey your elders; and be very kind10˘/·/˘··/˘·
To rivals; never be perversely blind10·/˘/˘·˘/˘·
And angry with your husband, even though he10·/˘··/˘/··
Should prove less faithful than a man might be;10···/˘·····
Be as courteous to servants as you may,10··/˘·/˘···
Not puffed with pride in this your happy day:10·······/˘·
Thus does a maiden grow into a wife;10···/˘·····
But self-willed women are the curse of life.10···/˘·····
Gautami. This is advice sufficient for a bride. (To SHAKUNTALA.)18·····˘/˘/˘········
You will not forget, my child.7···˘/··
Kanva. My daughter, they too must some day be given in marriage.15···/˘······/·/˘
Therefore they may not go to court. Gautami will go with you.15···············
Shakuntala (throwing her arms about her father). I am torn from17····/˘·····/˘····
my father's breast like a vine stripped from a sandal-tree on the15·/˘·······/˘···
Malabar hills. How can I live in another soil? (She weeps.)15/˘˘······˘/˘···
A noble husband's honourable wife,10·/˘/˘·····
You are to spend a busy, useful life10·····/˘/˘·
In the world's eye; and soon, as eastern skies10·······/˘·
Bring forth the sun, from you there shall arise10········˘/
A child, a blessing and a comfort strong--10···/˘··/˘·
You will not miss me, dearest daughter, long.10·····/˘/˘·
When you have shared for many years9····˘·/˘·
The king's thoughts with the earth,6······
When to a son who knows no fears8········
You shall have given birth,6···/˘·
When, trusted to the son you love,8·/˘·····
Your royal labours cease,6·/˘/˘·
Come with your husband to the grove8···/˘···
And end your days in peace.6······
My lonely sorrow will not go,8·/˘/˘···
For seeds you scattered here6···/˘·
Before the cottage door, will grow;8···/˘···
And I shall see them, dear.6······
Go. And peace go with you. (Exit SHAKUNTALA, with GAUTAMI,16······/˘········
SHARNGARAVA, and SHARADVATA.)9·········
The two friends (gazing long after her. Mournfully). Oh, oh!14···/˘·········
Shakuntala is lost among the trees.10··········
Kanva. So love interprets. (He walks about, sunk in thought.) Ah!15····˘/˘········
I have sent Shakuntala away, and now I am myself again. For18·······˘/·····/˘/·
A girl is held in trust, another's treasure;11······˘/˘/˘
To arms of love my child to-day is given;11·········/˘
And now I feel a calm and sacred pleasure;11·······/˘/˘
I have restored the pledge that came from heaven.11··˘/·····/˘

The reader shows the same poem with its rhymes coloured and a stress row above each line, the notes beside their stanzas, and any word's definition on a tap; the analysis page takes the whole book apart. How every part of this site was made.

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