The Retreat from Moscow

Victor Hugo (1802–1885), translated by various hands · 1888

iambic pentameter · heroic couplets · 77 lines · from Poems

It snowed. A defeat was our conquest red!For once the eagle was hanging its head.Sad days! the Emperor turned slowly his backOn smoking Moscow, blent orange and black.The winter burst, avalanche-like, to reignOver the endless blanched sheet of the plain.Nor chief nor banner in order could keep,The wolves of warfare were 'wildered like sheep.The wings from centre could hardly be knownThrough snow o'er horses and carts o'erthrown,Where froze the wounded. In the bivouacs forlornStrange sights and gruesome met the breaking morn:Mute were the bugles, while the men bestrodeSteeds turned to marble, unheeding the goad.The shells and bullets came down with the snowAs though the heavens hated these poor troops below.Surprised at trembling, though it was with cold,Who ne'er had trembled out of fear, the veterans boldMarched stern; to grizzled moustache hoarfrost clung'Neath banners that in leaden masses hung.

It snowed, went snowing still. And chill the breezeWhistled upon the glassy endless seas,Where naked feet on, on for ever went,With naught to eat, and not a sheltering tent.They were not living troops as seen in war,But merely phantoms of a dream, afarIn darkness wandering, amid the vapor dim,--A mystery; of shadows a procession grim,Nearing a blackening sky, unto its rim.Frightful, since boundless, solitude beholdWhere only Nemesis wove, mute and cold,A net all snowy with its soft meshes dense,A shroud of magnitude for host immense;Till every one felt as if left aloneIn a wide wilderness where no light shone,To die, with pity none, and none to seeThat from this mournful realm none should get free.Their foes the frozen North and Czar--That, worst.Cannon were broken up in haste accurstTo burn the frames and make the pale fire high,Where those lay down who never woke or woke to die.Sad and commingled, groups that blindly fledWere swallowed smoothly by the desert dread.

'Neath folds of blankness, monuments were raisedO'er regiments. And History, amazed,Could not record the ruin of this retreat,Unlike a downfall known before or the defeatOf Hannibal--reversed and wrapped in gloom!Of Attila, when nations met their doom!Perished an army--fled French glory then,Though there the Emperor! he stood and gazedAt the wild havoc, like a monarch dazedIn woodland hoar, who felt the shrieking saw--He, living oak, beheld his branches fall, with awe.Chiefs, soldiers, comrades died. But still warm loveKept those that rose all dastard fear above,As on his tent they saw his shadow pass--Backwards and forwards, for they credited, alas!His fortune's star! it could not, could not beThat he had not his work to do--a destiny?To hurl him headlong from his high estate,Would be high treason in his bondman, Fate.But all the while he felt himself alone,Stunned with disasters few have ever known.Sudden, a fear came o'er his troubled soul,What more was written on the Future's scroll?Was this an expiation? It must be, yea!He turned to God for one enlightening ray."Is this the vengeance, Lord of Hosts?" he sighed,But the first murmur on his parched lips died."Is this the vengeance? Must my glory set?"A pause: his name was called; of flame a jetSprang in the darkness;--a Voice answered; "No!Not yet."

Outside still fell the smothering snow.Was it a voice indeed? or but a dream?It was the vulture's, but how like the sea-bird's scream.

Words in this poem 23
defeat v. t.
To undo; to disfigure; to destroy. [From F. défait, OF. desfait, p. p. ofe défaire, OF. desfaire, to undo; L. dis- + facere to do. See Feat, Fact, and cf. Disfashion.]
blent p. p.
Blinded. Also (Chaucer), 3d sing. pres. Blindeth.
centre v. i.
To be placed in a center; to be central.
forlorn a.
Deserted abandoned; lost. [OE., p.p. of forlesen to lose utterly, AS. forleósan (p.p. forloren); pref. for- + leósan (in comp.) to lose; cf. D. verliezen to lose, G. verlieren, Sw. förlor]
gruesome
, Grue"some, a. Etym: [From a word akin to Dan. gru horror, terror + -some; cf. D. gruwzaam, G. grausam. Cf. Grisly.]
morn n.
The first part of the day; the morning; -- used chiefly in poetry. [OE. morwen, morgen, AS. morgen; akin to D. morgen, OS. morgan, G. morgen, Icel. morginn, morgunn, Sw. morgon, Dan. morgen, Goth. maúrgins. Cf. Morrow, Morning.]
hoarfrost n.
The white particles formed by the congelation of dew; white frost.
clung a.
Wasted away; shrunken. [Prop. p. p. fr. OE. clingen to wither. See Cling, v. i.]
went n.
Course; way; path; journey; direction.
afar adv.
At, to, or from a great distance; far away; -- often used with from preceding, or off following; as, he was seen from afar; I saw him afar off. [Pref. a-.(for on or of) + far.]
amid prep.
In the midst or middle of; surrounded or encompassed by; among. [OE. amidde, amiddes, on midden, AS. on middan, in the middle, fr. midde the middle. The s is an adverbial ending, originally marking the genitive; the t is a la]
frightful a.
Full of fright; affrighted; frightened.
nemesis n.
The goddess of retribution or vengeance; hence, retributive justice personified; divine vengeance. [L., fr. gr. Nomad.]
wove
p. pr. & rare vb. n. of Weave.
snowy a.
White like snow.
accurst p. p.
Doomed to destruction or misery; cursed; hence, bad enough to be under the curse; execrable; detestable; exceedingly hateful; -- as, an accursed deed.
blindly adv.
Without sight, discernment, or understanding; without thought, investigation, knowledge, or purpose of one's own.
blankness n.
The state of being blank.
downfall n.
A sudden fall; a body of things falling.
havoc n.
Wide and general destruction; devastation; waste. [W. hafog devastation, havoc; or, if this be itself fr. E. havoc, cf. OE. havot, or AS. hafoc hawk, which is a cruel or rapacious bird, or F. hai, voux! a cry to]
hoar v. t.
To become moldy or musty. [AS. harian to grow gray.]
dastard n.
One who meanly shrinks from danger; an arrant coward; a poltroon. [Prob. from Icel. dæstr exhausted. breathless, p. p. of dæsa to groan, lose one's breath; cf. dasask to become exhausted, and E. daze.]
bondman n.
A man slave, or one bound to service without wages. [Bond,a.orn.+ man.]

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

The Retreat from Moscow is in the public domain. This text is taken from Poems, Project Gutenberg ebook #8775, the various hands translation; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: Victor Hugo, The Retreat from Moscow, in Poems (1888), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #8775, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/hugo-poems/the-retreat-from-moscow.html, id L26802.

Form and metre

The Retreat from Moscow is 77 lines in 4 verse paragraphs. It is in rhyming couplets, 73% of the lines: heroic couplets. The metre is iambic pentameter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 85%).

See other poems in heroic couplets, other poems in iambic pentameter.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 1 AABBCCDDEEFFGGHHIIJJ redA · headA · backB · blackB · reignC · plainC · keepD · sheepD · knownE · o'erthrownE · forlornF · mornF · bestrodeG · goadG · snowH · belowH · coldI · boldI · clungJ · hungJ
  2. 2 AABB--CCCDDEEFFGGHHIIJJ breezeA · seasA · wentB · tentB · war · afar · dimC · grimC · rimC · beholdD · coldD · denseE · immenseE · aloneF · shoneF · seeG · freeG · worstH · accurstH · highI · dieI · fledJ · dreadJ
  3. 3 AABBCC-DD--EEFF--GGHHIIJJKKLL-L raisedA · amazedA · retreatB · defeatB · gloomC · doomC · then · gazedD · dazedD · saw · awe · loveE · aboveE · passF · alasF · be · destiny · estateG · fateG · aloneH · knownH · soulI · scrollI · yeaJ · rayJ · sighedK · diedK · setL · jetL · no · yetL
  4. 4 -AA snow · dreamA · screamA
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against iambic pentameter. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
It snowed. A defeat was our conquest red!10···˘/·//˘·
For once the eagle was hanging its head.10···/˘·/˘··
Sad days! the Emperor turned slowly his back10···/˘·/˘··
On smoking Moscow, blent orange and black.10·/˘/˘·/˘··
The winter burst, avalanche-like, to reign10·/˘·/˘····
Over the endless blanched sheet of the plain.10···/˘·····
Nor chief nor banner in order could keep,10···/˘·/˘··
The wolves of warfare were 'wildered like sheep.10···/··/˘··
The wings from centre could hardly be known10···/˘·/˘··
Through snow o'er horses and carts o'erthrown,9···/˘····
Where froze the wounded. In the bivouacs forlorn11···/˘··/˘˘/
Strange sights and gruesome met the breaking morn:10···/˘··/˘·
Mute were the bugles, while the men bestrode10···/˘···˘/
Steeds turned to marble, unheeding the goad.10···/˘·····
The shells and bullets came down with the snow10···/˘·····
As though the heavens hated these poor troops below.12···/˘/˘·····
Surprised at trembling, though it was with cold,10˘/·/˘·····
Who ne'er had trembled out of fear, the veterans bold12···/˘····/˘·
Marched stern; to grizzled moustache hoarfrost clung10···/˘/·/˘·
'Neath banners that in leaden masses hung.10·/˘··/˘/˘·
It snowed, went snowing still. And chill the breeze10···/˘·····
Whistled upon the glassy endless seas,10/˘···/˘/˘·
Where naked feet on, on for ever went,10·/˘····/˘·
With naught to eat, and not a sheltering tent.10·······/˘·
They were not living troops as seen in war,10···/˘·····
But merely phantoms of a dream, afar10·/˘/˘···˘/
In darkness wandering, amid the vapor dim,--11·/˘/˘˘/·/˘·
A mystery; of shadows a procession grim,11·/˘·/··˘/˘·
Nearing a blackening sky, unto its rim.10/˘·/˘·····
Frightful, since boundless, solitude behold10/˘·/˘/˘·˘/
Where only Nemesis wove, mute and cold,10·/˘/˘˘····
A net all snowy with its soft meshes dense,11···/˘···/˘·
A shroud of magnitude for host immense;10···/˘···˘/
Till every one felt as if left alone10·/˘·····˘/
In a wide wilderness where no light shone,10···/˘˘····
To die, with pity none, and none to see10···/˘·····
That from this mournful realm none should get free.10···/˘·····
Their foes the frozen North and Czar--That, worst.10···/˘·····
Cannon were broken up in haste accurst10/˘·/˘·····
To burn the frames and make the pale fire high,10········/·
Where those lay down who never woke or woke to die.11·····/·····
Sad and commingled, groups that blindly fled10··˘/˘··/˘·
Were swallowed smoothly by the desert dread.10·/˘/˘··/˘·
'Neath folds of blankness, monuments were raised10···/˘/˘˘··
O'er regiments. And History, amazed,10·/˘˘·/˘˘˘/
Could not record the ruin of this retreat,10··˘/·/··˘/
Unlike a downfall known before or the defeat12˘/·/······˘/
Of Hannibal--reversed and wrapped in gloom!10·/˘˘˘/····
Of Attila, when nations met their doom!10·˘/˘·/˘···
Perished an army--fled French glory then,10/˘·/˘··/˘·
Though there the Emperor! he stood and gazed10···/˘˘····
At the wild havoc, like a monarch dazed10···/˘··/··
In woodland hoar, who felt the shrieking saw--10·/·····/˘·
He, living oak, beheld his branches fall, with awe.12·/˘·˘/·/˘···
Chiefs, soldiers, comrades died. But still warm love10·/˘/······
Kept those that rose all dastard fear above,10·····/˘···
As on his tent they saw his shadow pass--10·······/··
Backwards and forwards, for they credited, alas!11/˘·/˘··/˘˘/
His fortune's star! it could not, could not be10·/˘·······
That he had not his work to do--a destiny?11·········/˘
To hurl him headlong from his high estate,10···/····˘/
Would be high treason in his bondman, Fate.10···/˘··/˘·
But all the while he felt himself alone,10······˘/˘/
Stunned with disasters few have ever known.10··˘/˘··/˘·
Sudden, a fear came o'er his troubled soul,10/˘·····/˘·
What more was written on the Future's scroll?10···/˘··/˘·
Was this an expiation? It must be, yea!10··········
He turned to God for one enlightening ray.10······˘/˘·
"Is this the vengeance, Lord of Hosts?" he sighed,10···/˘·····
But the first murmur on his parched lips died.10···/˘·····
"Is this the vengeance? Must my glory set?"10···/˘··/˘·
A pause: his name was called; of flame a jet10··········
Sprang in the darkness;--a Voice answered; "No!10···/˘··/˘·
Not yet."2··
Outside still fell the smothering snow.9//···/˘˘·
Was it a voice indeed? or but a dream?10····˘/····
It was the vulture's, but how like the sea-bird's scream.12···/˘·······

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