The Troubadour and Richard Cœur De Lion

Felicia Hemans (1793–1835) · 1808–1835

iambic tetrameter · octosyllabic couplets · 64 lines · from Poems

The Troubadour o’er many a plainHath roam’d unwearied, but in vain.O’er many a rugged mountain-sceneAnd forest wild his track hath been:Beneath Calabria’s glowing skyHe hath sung the songs of chivalry;His voice hath swell’d on the Alpine breeze,And rung through the snowy Pyrenees;From Ebro’s banks to Danube’s wave,He hath sought his prince, the loved, the brave;And yet, if still on earth thou art,Monarch of the lion-heart!The faithful spirit, which distressBut heightens to devotedness,By toil and trial vanquish’d not,Shall guide thy minstrel to the spot.

He hath reach’d a mountain hung with vine,And woods that wave o’er the lovely Rhine:The feudal towers that crest its heightFrown in unconquerable might;Dark is their aspect of sullen state--No helmet hangs o’er the massy gateTo bid the wearied pilgrim rest,At the chieftain’s board a welcome guest;Vainly rich evening’s parting smileWould chase the gloom of the haughty pile,That midst bright sunshine lowers on high,Like a thunder-cloud in a summer sky.

Not these the halls where a child of songAwhile may speed the hours along;Their echoes should repeat aloneThe tyrant’s mandate, the prisoner’s moan,Or the wild huntsman’s bugle-blast,When his phantom train are hurrying past.The weary minstrel paused--his eyeRoved o’er the scene despondingly:Within the length’ning shadow, castBy the fortress-towers and ramparts vast,Lingering he gazed. The rocks aroundSublime in savage grandeur frown’d;Proud guardians of the regal flood,In giant strength the mountains stood--By torrents cleft, by tempests riven,Yet mingling still with the calm blue heaven.Their peaks were bright with a sunny glow,But the Rhine all shadowy roll’d below;In purple tints the vineyards smiled,But the woods beyond waved dark and wild;Nor pastoral pipe nor convent’s bellWas heard on the sighing breeze to swell;But all was lonely, silent, rude,A stern, yet glorious solitude.

But hark! that solemn stillness breaking,The Troubadour’s wild song is waking.Full oft that song in days gone byHath cheer’d the sons of chivalry:It hath swell’d o’er Judah’s mountains lone,Hermon! thy echoes have learn’d its tone;On the Great Plain its notes have rung,The leagued Crusaders’ tents among;Twas loved by the Lion-heart, who wonThe palm in the field of Ascalon;And now afar o’er the rocks of RhinePeals the bold strain of Palestine.

Words in this poem 17
unwearied a.
Not wearied; not fatigued or tired; hence, persistent; not tiring or wearying; indefatigable.
rung n.
A floor timber in a ship. [OE. ronge, AS. hrung, a staff, rod, pole; akin to G. runge a short, thick piece of iron or wood, OD. ronghe a prop, support, Icel. röng a rib in a ship, Goth. H]
snowy a.
White like snow.
shall v. i.
To owe; to be under obligation for. [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen,]
unconquerable a.
Not conquerable; indomitable.
sullen a.
Lonely; solitary; desolate. Wyclif (Job iii. 14). [OE. solein, solain, lonely, sullen; through Old French fr. (assumed) LL. solanus solitary, fr. L. solus alone. See Sole, a.]
massy a.
Compacted into, or consisting of, a mass; having bulk and weight ot substance; ponderous; bulky and heavy; weight; heavy; as, a massy shield; a massy rock.
haughty a.
High; lofty; bold. [OE. hautein, F. hautain, fr. haut high, OF. also halt, fr. L. altus. See Altitude.]
sunshine n.
The light of the sun, or the place where it shines; the direct rays of the sun, the place where they fall, or the warmth and light which they give.
awhile adv.
For a while; for some time; for a short time. [Adj. a + while time, interval.]
huntsman n.
One who hunts, or who practices hunting.
despondingly adv.
In a desponding manner.
sunny a.
Of or pertaining to the sun; proceeding from, or resembling the sun; hence, shining; bright; brilliant; radiant.
glorious a.
Exhibiting attributes, qualities, or acts that are worthy of or receive glory; noble; praiseworthy; excellent; splendid; illustrious; inspiring admiration; as, glorious deeds. [OF. glorios, glorious, F. glorieux, fr. L. gloriosus. See Glory, n.]
stillness n.
The quality or state of being still; quietness; silence; calmness; inactivity.
lone n.
A lane. See Loanin.
afar adv.
At, to, or from a great distance; far away; -- often used with from preceding, or off following; as, he was seen from afar; I saw him afar off. [Pref. a-.(for on or of) + far.]

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

The Troubadour and Richard Cœur De Lion is in the public domain. This text is taken from The Poems of Felicia Hemans, Project Gutenberg ebook #66785; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: Felicia Hemans, The Troubadour and Richard Cœur De Lion, in Poems (1808–1835), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #66785, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/hemans-poems/the-troubadour-and-richard-c-ur-de-lion.html, id L13493.

Form and metre

The Troubadour and Richard Cœur De Lion is 64 lines in 4 verse paragraphs. It is in rhyming couplets, 84% of the lines: octosyllabic couplets. The metre is iambic tetrameter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 86%). 88% of its stressed syllables fall where the metre puts the beat. The lines average 8.8 syllables. 9 lines end on an unstressed syllable, a feminine ending. 25% of the lines run on without a stop at the line end.

See other poems in octosyllabic couplets, other poems in iambic tetrameter.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 1 AA----BBCCDDEEFF plainA · vainA · scene · been · sky · chivalry · breezeB · pyreneesB · waveC · braveC · artD · heartD · distressE · devotednessE · notF · spotF
  2. 2 AABBCCDDEEFF vineA · rhineA · heightB · mightB · stateC · gateC · restD · guestD · smileE · pileE · highF · skyF
  3. 3 AABBCC--CCDDEE--FFGGHHII songA · alongA · aloneB · moanB · blastC · pastC · eye · despondingly · castC · vastC · aroundD · frown'dD · floodE · stoodE · riven · heaven · glowF · belowF · smiledG · wildG · bellH · swellH · rudeI · solitudeI
  4. 4 AA--BBCCDDEE breakingA · wakingA · by · chivalry · loneB · toneB · rungC · amongC · wonD · ascalonD · rhineE · palestineE
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against iambic tetrameter. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
The Troubadour o’er many a plain9·/˘··/˘··
Hath roam’d unwearied, but in vain.8··˘/˘···
O’er many a rugged mountain-scene10·/˘·/˘˘/˘·
And forest wild his track hath been:8·/˘·····
Beneath Calabria’s glowing sky9··˘/˘˘/˘·
He hath sung the songs of chivalry;9······/˘˘
His voice hath swell’d on the Alpine breeze,9······/··
And rung through the snowy Pyrenees;9····/˘/˘˘
From Ebro’s banks to Danube’s wave,8·/···/˘·
He hath sought his prince, the loved, the brave;10·······˘··
And yet, if still on earth thou art,8········
Monarch of the lion-heart!7/···/˘·
The faithful spirit, which distress8·/˘/˘·˘/
But heightens to devotedness,8·/˘·····
By toil and trial vanquish’d not,8···/˘/˘·
Shall guide thy minstrel to the spot.8···/˘···
He hath reach’d a mountain hung with vine,9····/˘···
And woods that wave o’er the lovely Rhine:9······/˘·
The feudal towers that crest its height9·/˘/˘····
Frown in unconquerable might;8··˘/˘˘˘·
Dark is their aspect of sullen state--9···/··/˘·
No helmet hangs o’er the massy gate9·/˘···/˘·
To bid the wearied pilgrim rest,8···/˘/˘·
At the chieftain’s board a welcome guest;9··/˘··/˘·
Vainly rich evening’s parting smile8/˘·/˘/˘·
Would chase the gloom of the haughty pile,9······/˘·
That midst bright sunshine lowers on high,9···/·/˘··
Like a thunder-cloud in a summer sky.10··/˘···/˘·
Not these the halls where a child of song9·········
Awhile may speed the hours along;9˘/···/˘˘/
Their echoes should repeat alone8·/˘·˘/˘/
The tyrant’s mandate, the prisoner’s moan,10·/˘/··/˘˘·
Or the wild huntsman’s bugle-blast,8···/˘/˘·
When his phantom train are hurrying past.10··/˘··/˘˘·
The weary minstrel paused--his eye9·/˘/˘·˘··
Roved o’er the scene despondingly:9·˘···˘/˘˘
Within the length’ning shadow, cast8·····/··
By the fortress-towers and ramparts vast,10··/˘/˘·/··
Lingering he gazed. The rocks around10/˘˘··˘····
Sublime in savage grandeur frown’d;8˘/·/˘˘/·
Proud guardians of the regal flood,9·/˘˘··/˘·
In giant strength the mountains stood--8·/˘··/˘·
By torrents cleft, by tempests riven,9·/˘··/˘/˘
Yet mingling still with the calm blue heaven.11·/˘˘·····/˘
Their peaks were bright with a sunny glow,9······/˘·
But the Rhine all shadowy roll’d below;10····/˘˘···
In purple tints the vineyards smiled,9·/˘··/˘·˘
But the woods beyond waved dark and wild;10······˘···
Nor pastoral pipe nor convent’s bell9·/˘˘··/˘·
Was heard on the sighing breeze to swell;9····/˘···
But all was lonely, silent, rude,8···/˘/˘·
A stern, yet glorious solitude.9···/˘˘/˘·
But hark! that solemn stillness breaking,9···/˘/˘/˘
The Troubadour’s wild song is waking.9·/˘····/˘
Full oft that song in days gone by8········
Hath cheer’d the sons of chivalry:8·····/˘˘
It hath swell’d o’er Judah’s mountains lone,9····/˘/˘·
Hermon! thy echoes have learn’d its tone;9/˘·/˘····
On the Great Plain its notes have rung,8········
The leagued Crusaders’ tents among;9··˘˘/˘···
Twas loved by the Lion-heart, who won10··˘··/˘···
The palm in the field of Ascalon;9·········
And now afar o’er the rocks of Rhine9··˘/·····
Peals the bold strain of Palestine.8·····/˘·
Notes from the edition 3

Notes from The Poems of Felicia Hemans (Project Gutenberg #66785), largely Mrs Hemans's own.

  1. Stanza 2, line 6 It was a custom in feudal times to hang out a helmet on a castle, as a token that strangers were invited to enter, and partake of hospitality. So in the romance of “Perceforest,” “ils fasoient mettre au plus hault de leur hostel un heaulme, en signe que tous les gentils hommes et gentilles femmes entrassent hardiment en leur hostel comme en leur propre.”
  2. Stanza 3, line 6 Popular tradition has made several mountains in Germany the haunt of the wild Jager, or supernatural huntsman. The superstitious tales relating to the Unterburg are recorded in Eustace’s Classical Tour; and it is still believed in the romantic district of the Odenwald, that the knight of Rodenstein, issuing from his ruined castle, announces the approach of war by traversing the air with a noisy armament to the opposite castle of Schnellerts.--See the “Manuel pour les Voyageurs sur le Rhin,” and “Autumn on the Rhine.”
  3. Stanza 4, line 7 The Plain of Esdräelon, called by way of eminence the “Great Plain;” in Scripture, and elsewhere, the “field of Megiddo,” the “Galilean Plain.” This plain, the most fertile part of all the land of Canaan, has been the scene of many a memorable contest in the first ages of Jewish history, as well as during the Roman empire, the Crusades, and even in later times. It has been a chosen place for encampment in every contest carried on in this country, from the days of Nabuchodonosor, King of the Assyrians, until the disastrous march of Buonaparte from Egypt into Syria. Warriors out of “every nation which is under heaven” have pitched their tents upon the Plain of Esdräelon, and have beheld the various banners of their nations wet with the dews of Hermon and Thabor.--Dr Clarke’s Travels.

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