Part XXXI

Anonymous (about 900), translated by Francis B. Gummere · 1910

Alliterative four-stress verse · unrhymed · 79 lines · from Beowulf

THEN the baleful fiend its fire belched out,and bright homes burned. The blaze stood highall landsfolk frighting. No living thingwould that loathly one leave as aloft it flew.Wide was the dragon's warring seen,its fiendish fury far and near,as the grim destroyer those Geatish peoplehated and hounded. To hidden lair,to its hoard it hastened at hint of dawn.Folk of the land it had lapped in flame,with bale and brand. In its barrow it trusted,its battling and bulwarks: that boast was vain!

To Beowulf then the bale was toldquickly and truly: the king's own home,of buildings the best, in brand-waves melted,that gift-throne of Geats. To the good old mansad in heart, 'twas heaviest sorrow.The sage assumed that his sovran Godhe had angered, breaking ancient law,and embittered the Lord. His breast withinwith black thoughts welled, as his wont was never.The folk's own fastness that fiery dragonwith flame had destroyed, and the stronghold allwashed by waves; but the warlike king,prince of the Weders, plotted vengeance.Warriors'-bulwark, he bade them workall of iron -- the earl's commander --a war-shield wondrous: well he knewthat forest-wood against fire were worthless,linden could aid not. -- Atheling brave,he was fated to finish this fleeting life,his days on earth, and the dragon with him,though long it had watched o'er the wealth of the hoard! --Shame he reckoned it, sharer-of-rings,to follow the flyer-afar with a host,a broad-flung band; nor the battle feared he,nor deemed he dreadful the dragon's warring,its vigor and valor: ventures desperatehe had passed a-plenty, and perils of war,contest-crash, since, conqueror proud,Hrothgar's hall he had wholly purged,and in grapple had killed the kin of Grendel,loathsome breed! Not least was thatof hand-to-hand fights where Hygelac fell,when the ruler of Geats in rush of battle,lord of his folk, in the Frisian land,son of Hrethel, by sword-draughts died,by brands down-beaten. Thence Beowulf fledthrough strength of himself and his swimming power,though alone, and his arms were laden with thirtycoats of mail, when he came to the sea!Nor yet might Hetwaras haughtily boasttheir craft of contest, who carried against himshields to the fight: but few escapedfrom strife with the hero to seek their homes!Then swam over ocean Ecgtheow's sonlonely and sorrowful, seeking his land,where Hygd made him offer of hoard and realm,rings and royal-seat, reckoning naughtthe strength of her son to save their kingdomfrom hostile hordes, after Hygelac's death.No sooner for this could the stricken onesin any wise move that atheling's mindover young Heardred's head as lordand ruler of all the realm to be:yet the hero upheld him with helpful words,aided in honor, till, older grown,he wielded the Weder-Geats. -- Wandering exilessought him o'er seas, the sons of Ohtere,who had spurned the sway of the Scylfings'-helmet,the bravest and best that broke the rings,in Swedish land, of the sea-kings' line,haughty hero. Hence Heardred's end.For shelter he gave them, sword-death came,the blade's fell blow, to bairn of Hygelac;but the son of Ongentheow sought againhouse and home when Heardred fell,leaving Beowulf lord of Geatsand gift-seat's master. -- A good king he!

Words in this poem 21
loathly adv.
Unwillingly; reluctantly.
fiendish a.
Like a fiend; diabolically wicked or cruel; infernal; malignant; devilish; hellish.
lair n.
A place in which to lie or rest; especially, the bed or couch of a wild beast. [OE. leir, AS. leger; akin to D. leger, G. lager couch, lair, OHG. laga, Goth. ligrs, and to E. lie. See Lie to be prostrate, and cf. Layer, Leaguer.]
folk n.
In Anglo-Saxon times, the people of a group of townships or villages; a community; a tribe. [AS. folc; akin to D. volk, OS. & OHG. folk, G. volk, Icel. f, Sw. & Dan. folk, Lith. pulkas crowd, and perh. to E. follow.]
sovran a.
A variant of Sovereign.
fastness n.
The state of being fast and firm; firmness; fixedness; security; faithfulness. [AS. fæstnes, fr. fæst fast. See Fast, a.]
bade
A form of the pat tense of Bid.
wondrous adv.
In a wonderful or surprising manner or degree; wonderfully. [OE. wonders, adv. (later also adj.). See Wonder, n., and cf. -wards.]
atheling n.
An Anglo-Saxon prince or nobleman; esp., the heir apparent or a prince of the royal family. [Written also Adeling and Ætheling.] [AS. æ noble, fr. æ noble, akin to G. adel nobility, edel noble. The word æ, E. ethel, is in many AS. proper names, as Ethelwolf, noble wolf; Ethelbald, noble bo]
wealth n.
Weal; welfare; prosperity; good. [OE. welthe, from wele; cf. D. weelde luxury. See Weal prosperity.]
sharer n.
One who shares; a participator; a partaker; also, a divider; a distributer.
afar adv.
At, to, or from a great distance; far away; -- often used with from preceding, or off following; as, he was seen from afar; I saw him afar off. [Pref. a-.(for on or of) + far.]
dreadful a.
Full of dread or terror; fearful.
desperate a.
Without hope; given to despair; hopeless. [L. desperatus, p. p. of desperare. See Despair, and cf. Desperado.]
frisian a.
Of or pertaining to Friesland, a province of the Netherlands; Friesic.
haughtily adv.
In a haughty manner; arrogantly. [From Haughty.]
craft n.
Strength; might; secret power. [AS. cr strength, skill, art, cunning; akin to OS., G., Sw., & Dan. kraft strength, D. kracht, Icel. kraptr; perh. originally, a drawing together, stretching, fr]
strife n.
The act of striving; earnest endeavor. [OF. estrif. See Strive.]
stricken p. p.
Struck; smitten; wounded; as, the stricken deer.
broke v. i.
To transact business for another. Brome. [See Broker, and cf. Brook.]
haughty a.
High; lofty; bold. [OE. hautein, F. hautain, fr. haut high, OF. also halt, fr. L. altus. See Altitude.]

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

Part XXXI is in the public domain. This text is taken from Beowulf, Project Gutenberg ebook #981, the Francis B. Gummere translation; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: Anonymous, Part XXXI, in Beowulf (1910), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #981, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/beowulf/part-xxxi.html, id L14219.

Form and metre

Part XXXI is 79 lines in 2 verse paragraphs. It is unrhymed, as far as the pronouncing dictionary can tell. 83% of its stressed syllables fall where the metre puts the beat. The lines average 9.6 syllables. 17 lines end on an unstressed syllable, a feminine ending. 34% of the lines run on without a stop at the line end.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 1 -----A-A---- out · high · thing · flew · seen · nearA · people · lairA · dawn · flame · trusted · vain
  2. 2 --A--A-B-B-------------------C-CC---------------------------------- told · home · meltedA · man · sorrow · godA · law · withinB · never · dragonB · all · king · vengeance · work · commander · knew · worthless · brave · life · him · hoard · rings · host · he · warring · desperate · war · proud · purged · grendelC · that · fellC · battleC · land · died · fled · power · thirty · sea · boast · him · escaped · homes · son · land · realm · naught · kingdom · death · ones · mind · lord · be · words · grown · exiles · ohtere · helmet · rings · line · end · came · hygelac · again · fell · geats · he
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
THEN the baleful fiend its fire belched out,10··/˘··/˘··
and bright homes burned. The blaze stood high8········
all landsfolk frighting. No living thing9···/˘·/˘·
would that loathly one leave as aloft it flew.11··/˘···˘/··
Wide was the dragon's warring seen,8···/˘/˘·
its fiendish fury far and near,8·/˘/˘···
as the grim destroyer those Geatish people11···˘/˘···/˘
hated and hounded. To hidden lair,9/˘·/˘·/˘·
to its hoard it hastened at hint of dawn.10····/˘····
Folk of the land it had lapped in flame,9·········
with bale and brand. In its barrow it trusted,11······/˘·/˘
its battling and bulwarks: that boast was vain!11·/˘˘·/˘····
To Beowulf then the bale was told9·/˘······
quickly and truly: the king's own home,9/˘·/˘····
of buildings the best, in brand-waves melted,10·/˘·····/˘
that gift-throne of Geats. To the good old man10··········
sad in heart, 'twas heaviest sorrow.9····/˘˘/˘
The sage assumed that his sovran God9··˘/··/˘·
he had angered, breaking ancient law,9··/˘/˘/˘·
and embittered the Lord. His breast within10·˘/˘······
with black thoughts welled, as his wont was never.10········/˘
The folk's own fastness that fiery dragon11···/˘·/˘˘/˘
with flame had destroyed, and the stronghold all10···˘/··/··
washed by waves; but the warlike king,8·····/··
prince of the Weders, plotted vengeance.9·····/˘/˘
Warriors'-bulwark, he bade them work9/˘˘/˘····
all of iron -- the earl's commander --9··/˘··˘/˘
a war-shield wondrous: well he knew8···/˘···
that forest-wood against fire were worthless,11·/˘···/˘·/˘
linden could aid not. -- Atheling brave,9/˘···/˘˘·
he was fated to finish this fleeting life,11··/˘·/˘·/˘·
his days on earth, and the dragon with him,10······/˘··
though long it had watched o'er the wealth of the hoard! --11···········
Shame he reckoned it, sharer-of-rings,9··/˘·/˘··
to follow the flyer-afar with a host,11·/˘·/˘˘/···
a broad-flung band; nor the battle feared he,10······/˘··
nor deemed he dreadful the dragon's warring,10···/˘·/˘/˘
its vigor and valor: ventures desperate10·/˘·/˘/˘/˘
he had passed a-plenty, and perils of war,11····/˘·/˘··
contest-crash, since, conqueror proud,8/˘··/˘˘·
Hrothgar's hall he had wholly purged,8·····/˘·
and in grapple had killed the kin of Grendel,11··/˘·····/˘
loathsome breed! Not least was that7/˘·····
of hand-to-hand fights where Hygelac fell,10··········
when the ruler of Geats in rush of battle,11··/˘·····/˘
lord of his folk, in the Frisian land,9······/˘·
son of Hrethel, by sword-draughts died,8········
by brands down-beaten. Thence Beowulf fled10···/˘·/˘··
through strength of himself and his swimming power,11···˘/··/˘/˘
though alone, and his arms were laden with thirty12·˘/····/˘·/˘
coats of mail, when he came to the sea!9·········
Nor yet might Hetwaras haughtily boast10······/˘˘·
their craft of contest, who carried against him11···/˘·/˘···
shields to the fight: but few escaped8······˘/
from strife with the hero to seek their homes!10····/˘····
Then swam over ocean Ecgtheow's son9····/˘···
lonely and sorrowful, seeking his land,10/˘·/˘˘/˘··
where Hygd made him offer of hoard and realm,10····/˘····
rings and royal-seat, reckoning naught9··/˘·/˘˘·
the strength of her son to save their kingdom10········/˘
from hostile hordes, after Hygelac's death.10·/˘·······
No sooner for this could the stricken ones10·/˘····/˘·
in any wise move that atheling's mind10·/˘·······
over young Heardred's head as lord8········
and ruler of all the realm to be:9·/˘······
yet the hero upheld him with helpful words,11··/˘˘/··/˘·
aided in honor, till, older grown,9/˘·/˘·/˘·
he wielded the Weder-Geats. -- Wandering exiles12·/˘·/˘·/˘˘/·
sought him o'er seas, the sons of Ohtere,9·········
who had spurned the sway of the Scylfings'-helmet,11·········/˘
the bravest and best that broke the rings,9·/˘······
in Swedish land, of the sea-kings' line,9·/˘······
haughty hero. Hence Heardred's end.8/˘/˘····
For shelter he gave them, sword-death came,9·/˘······
the blade's fell blow, to bairn of Hygelac;10··········
but the son of Ongentheow sought again10········˘/
house and home when Heardred fell,6······
leaving Beowulf lord of Geats8/˘/˘····
and gift-seat's master. -- A good king he!9···/˘····

The reader shows the same poem with its rhymes coloured and a stress row above each line, the notes beside their stanzas, and any word's definition on a tap; the analysis page takes the whole book apart. How every part of this site was made.

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