The Hour Before Dawn

W. B. Yeats (1865–1939) · 1914

iambic tetrameter · 120 lines · from Responsibilities

A one-legged, one-armed, one-eyed man,A bundle of rags upon a crutch,Stumbled on windy CruachanCursing the wind. It was as muchAs the one sturdy leg could doTo keep him upright while he cursed.He had counted, where long years agoQueen Maeve's nine Maines had been nursed,A pair of lapwings, one old sheepAnd not a house to the plain's edge,When close to his right hand a heapOf grey stones and a rocky ledgeReminded him that he could make,If he but shifted a few stones,A shelter till the daylight broke.But while he fumbled with the stonesThey toppled over; 'Were it notI have a lucky wooden shinI had been hurt'; and toppling broughtBefore his eyes, where stones had been,A dark deep hole in the rock's face.He gave a gasp and thought to run,Being certain it was no right placeBut the Hell Mouth at CruachanThat's stuffed with all that's old and bad,And yet stood still, because insideHe had seen a red-haired jolly ladIn some outlandish coat besideA ladle and a tub of beer,Plainly no phantom by his look.So with a laugh at his own fearHe crawled into that pleasant nook.Young Red-head stretched himself to yawnAnd murmured, 'May God curse the nightThat's grown uneasy near the dawnSo that it seems even I sleep light;And who are you that wakens me?Has one of Maeve's nine brawling sonsGrown tired of his own company?But let him keep his grave for onceI have to find the sleep I have lost.'And then at last being wide awake,'I took you for a brawling ghost,Say what you please, but from day-breakI'll sleep another century.'The beggar deaf to all but hopeWent down upon a hand and kneeAnd took the wooden ladle upAnd would have dipped it in the beerBut the other pushed his hand aside,'Before you have dipped it in the beerThat sacred Goban brewed,' he cried,'I'd have assurance that you are ableTo value beer--I will have no foolDipping his nose into my ladleBecause he has stumbled on this holeIn the bad hour before the dawn.If you but drink that beer and sayI will sleep until the winter's gone,Or maybe, to Midsummer DayYou will sleep that length; and at the firstI waited so for that or this--Because the weather was a-cursedOr I had no woman there to kiss,And slept for half a year or so;But year by year I found that lessGave me such pleasure I'd forgoEven a half hour's nothingness,And when at one year's end I foundI had not waked a single minute,I chose this burrow under ground.I will sleep away all Time within it:My sleep were now nine centuriesBut for those mornings when I findThe lapwing at their foolish criesAnd the sheep bleating at the windAs when I also played the fool.'The beggar in a rage beganUpon his hunkers in the hole,'It's plain that you are no right manTo mock at everything I loveAs if it were not worth the doing.I'd have a merry life enoughIf a good Easter wind were blowing,And though the winter wind is badI should not be too down in the mouthFor anything you did or saidIf but this wind were in the south.'But the other cried, 'You long for springOr that the wind would shift a pointAnd do not know that you would bring,If time were suppler in the joint,Neither the spring nor the south windBut the hour when you shall pass awayAnd leave no smoking wick behind,For all life longs for the Last DayAnd there's no man but cocks his earTo know when Michael's trumpet criesThat flesh and bone may disappear,And souls as if they were but sighs,And there be nothing but God left;But I alone being blessed keepLike some old rabbit to my cleftAnd wait Him in a drunken sleep.'

He dipped his ladle in the tubAnd drank and yawned and stretched him out.The other shouted, 'You would robMy life of every pleasant thoughtAnd every comfortable thingAnd so take that and that.' ThereonHe gave him a great pummelling,But might have pummelled at a stoneFor all the sleeper knew or cared;And after heaped the stones againAnd cursed and prayed, and prayed and cursed:'Oh God if he got loose!' And thenIn fury and in panic fledFrom the Hell Mouth at CruachanAnd gave God thanks that overheadThe clouds were brightening with the dawn.

Words in this poem 19
crutch n.
A staff with a crosspiece at the head, to be placed under the arm or shoulder, to support the lame or infirm in walking. [OE. cruche, AS. crycc, cricc; akin to D. kruk, G. kr, Dan. krykke, Sw. krycka, and to E. crook. See Crook, and cf. Cricket a low stool.]
cursed a.
Deserving a curse; execrable; hateful; detestable; abominable.
daylight n.
The light of day as opposed to the darkness of night; the light of the sun, as opposed to that of the moon or to artificial light.
broke v. i.
To transact business for another. Brome. [See Broker, and cf. Brook.]
gasp v. i.
To open the mouth wide in catching the breath, or in laborious respiration; to labor for breath; to respire convulsively; to pant violently. [OE. gaspen, gaispen, to yawn, gasp, Icel. geispa to yawn; akin to Sw. gäspa, Dan. gispe to gasp.]
outlandish a.
Foreign; not native. [AS. foreign. See Out, Land, and -ish.]
nook n.
A narrow place formed by an angle in bodies or between bodies; a corner; a recess; a secluded retreat. [OE. nok; cf. Gael. & Ir. niuc.]
brawling a.
Quarreling; quarrelsome; noisy.
ghost n.
The spirit; the soul of man. [OE. gast, gost, soul, spirit, AS. gast breath, spirit, soul; akin to OS. g spirit, soul, D. geest, G. geist, and prob. to E. gaze, ghastly.]
went n.
Course; way; path; journey; direction.
maybe adv.
Perhaps; possibly; peradventure. [For it may be.]
midsummer n.
The middle of summer. Shak. Midsummer daisy (Bot.), the oxeye daisy. [AS. midsumor.]
forgo v. t.
To pass by; to leave. See 1st Forego. [OE. forgan, forgon, forgoon, AS. forgan, prop., to go past, hence, to abstain from; pref. for- + gan to go; akin to G. vergehen to pass away, to transgress. See]
bleating a.
Crying as a sheep does.
hunkers n.
In the phrase on one's hunkers, in a squatting or crouching position.
shall v. i.
To owe; to be under obligation for. [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen,]
drank n.
Wild oats, or darnel grass. See Drake a plant. [Cf. 3d Drake.]
thereon adv.
On that or this. [AS. . See There, and On.]
sleeper n.
One who sleeps; a slumberer; hence, a drone, or lazy person.

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

The Hour Before Dawn is in the public domain. This text is taken from Responsibilities, and other poems, Project Gutenberg ebook #36865; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: W. B. Yeats, The Hour Before Dawn, in Responsibilities (1914), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #36865, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/yeats-responsibilities/the-hour-before-dawn.html, id L04566.

Form and metre

The Hour Before Dawn is 120 lines in 2 stanzas. The metre is iambic tetrameter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 86%). 90% of its stressed syllables fall where the metre puts the beat. The lines average 8.5 syllables. 14 lines end on an unstressed syllable, a feminine ending. 58% of the lines run on without a stop at the line end.

See other poems in iambic tetrameter.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 1 -A-A-B-BCDCD-----E-EF-F-GHGHIJIJKLKL-----M-M-----N-NOOOOPQPQRSRSTSTSUVUVWXWX-Y-Y-----Z-Zababcdcdefefghgh man · crutchA · cruachan · muchA · do · cursedB · ago · nursedB · sheepC · edgeD · heapC · ledgeD · make · stones · broke · stones · not · shinE · brought · beenE · faceF · run · placeF · cruachan · badG · insideH · ladG · besideH · beerI · lookJ · fearI · nookJ · yawnK · nightL · dawnK · lightL · me · sons · company · once · lost · awakeM · ghost · breakM · century · hope · knee · up · beer · asideN · beer · criedN · ableO · foolO · ladleO · holeO · dawnP · sayQ · goneP · dayQ · firstR · thisS · cursedR · kissS · soT · lessS · forgoT · nothingnessS · foundU · minuteV · groundU · itV · centuriesW · findX · criesW · windX · fool · beganY · hole · manY · love · doing · enough · blowing · bad · mouthZ · said · southZ · springa · pointb · bringa · jointb · windc · awayd · behindc · dayd · eare · criesf · disappeare · sighsf · leftg · keeph · cleftg · sleeph
  2. 2 ----ABA--C-CD-DB tub · out · rob · thought · thingA · thereonB · pummellingA · stone · cared · againC · cursed · thenC · fledD · cruachan · overheadD · dawnB
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against iambic tetrameter. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
A one-legged, one-armed, one-eyed man,9··/˘·····
A bundle of rags upon a crutch,9·/˘······
Stumbled on windy Cruachan8/˘˘·/˘··
Cursing the wind. It was as much8/˘······
As the one sturdy leg could do8···/˘···
To keep him upright while he cursed.8···˘/···
He had counted, where long years ago9··/˘···˘/
Queen Maeve's nine Maines had been nursed,8·˘/·····
A pair of lapwings, one old sheep8········
And not a house to the plain's edge,8········
When close to his right hand a heap8········
Of grey stones and a rocky ledge8·····/˘·
Reminded him that he could make,8˘/˘·····
If he but shifted a few stones,8···/˘···
A shelter till the daylight broke.8·/˘··/··
But while he fumbled with the stones8···/˘···
They toppled over; 'Were it not8·/˘·····
I have a lucky wooden shin8···/˘/˘·
I had been hurt'; and toppling brought8·····/˘·
Before his eyes, where stones had been,8········
A dark deep hole in the rock's face.8········
He gave a gasp and thought to run,8········
Being certain it was no right place8//˘·····
But the Hell Mouth at Cruachan7·······
That's stuffed with all that's old and bad,8········
And yet stood still, because inside8······˘/
He had seen a red-haired jolly lad9······/˘·
In some outlandish coat beside8··˘/˘·˘/
A ladle and a tub of beer,8·/˘·····
Plainly no phantom by his look.8/˘·/˘···
So with a laugh at his own fear8········
He crawled into that pleasant nook.8·····/˘·
Young Red-head stretched himself to yawn8····˘/··
And murmured, 'May God curse the night8·/˘·····
That's grown uneasy near the dawn8··˘/˘···
So that it seems even I sleep light;8····/···
And who are you that wakens me?8·····/˘·
Has one of Maeve's nine brawling sons9···˘/·/˘·
Grown tired of his own company?9·/˘···/˘˘
But let him keep his grave for once8········
I have to find the sleep I have lost.'9·········
And then at last being wide awake,8····/·˘/
'I took you for a brawling ghost,8·····/˘·
Say what you please, but from day-break8········
I'll sleep another century.'8··˘/˘/˘˘
The beggar deaf to all but hope8·/˘·····
Went down upon a hand and knee8········
And took the wooden ladle up8···/˘/˘·
And would have dipped it in the beer8········
But the other pushed his hand aside,9··/˘···˘/
'Before you have dipped it in the beer9·········
That sacred Goban brewed,' he cried,8·/˘·····
'I'd have assurance that you are able10··˘/˘···/˘
To value beer--I will have no fool9·/˘······
Dipping his nose into my ladle9/˘·····/˘
Because he has stumbled on this hole9····/˘···
In the bad hour before the dawn.8···/····
If you but drink that beer and say8········
I will sleep until the winter's gone,9······/˘·
Or maybe, to Midsummer Day8·/˘·//˘·
You will sleep that length; and at the first9·········
I waited so for that or this--8·/˘·····
Because the weather was a-cursed8···/˘···
Or I had no woman there to kiss,9····/˘···
And slept for half a year or so;8········
But year by year I found that less8········
Gave me such pleasure I'd forgo8···/˘·˘/
Even a half hour's nothingness,9/˘··/˘/˘˘
And when at one year's end I found8········
I had not waked a single minute,9·····/˘/˘
I chose this burrow under ground.8···/˘···
I will sleep away all Time within it:10···˘/·····
My sleep were now nine centuries8·····/˘˘
But for those mornings when I find8···/˘···
The lapwing at their foolish cries8·/˘··/˘·
And the sheep bleating at the wind8···/˘···
As when I also played the fool.'8···/˘···
The beggar in a rage began8·/˘···˘/
Upon his hunkers in the hole,8···/˘···
'It's plain that you are no right man8········
To mock at everything I love8···/˘···
As if it were not worth the doing.9·······/˘
I'd have a merry life enough8···/˘·˘/
If a good Easter wind were blowing,9···/˘··/˘
And though the winter wind is bad8···/˘···
I should not be too down in the mouth9·········
For anything you did or said8·/˘·····
If but this wind were in the south.'8········
But the other cried, 'You long for spring9··/˘·····
Or that the wind would shift a point8········
And do not know that you would bring,8········
If time were suppler in the joint,8········
Neither the spring nor the south wind8/˘······
But the hour when you shall pass away9··/····˘/
And leave no smoking wick behind,8···/˘···
For all life longs for the Last Day8········
And there's no man but cocks his ear8········
To know when Michael's trumpet cries8···/˘/˘·
That flesh and bone may disappear,8······˘/
And souls as if they were but sighs,8········
And there be nothing but God left;8···/˘···
But I alone being blessed keep8··˘//˘··
Like some old rabbit to my cleft8···/˘···
And wait Him in a drunken sleep.'8·····/˘·
He dipped his ladle in the tub8···/˘···
And drank and yawned and stretched him out.8········
The other shouted, 'You would rob8·/˘/˘···
My life of every pleasant thought8···/˘/˘·
And every comfortable thing8·/˘/˘˘˘·
And so take that and that.' Thereon8······˘/
He gave him a great pummelling,8·····/˘˘
But might have pummelled at a stone8···/˘···
For all the sleeper knew or cared;8···/˘···
And after heaped the stones again8······˘/
And cursed and prayed, and prayed and cursed:8········
'Oh God if he got loose!' And then8········
In fury and in panic fled8·/˘··/˘·
From the Hell Mouth at Cruachan7·······
And gave God thanks that overhead8·····/˘/
The clouds were brightening with the dawn.8···/˘···

The reader shows the same poem with its rhymes coloured and a stress row above each line, the notes beside their stanzas, and any word's definition on a tap; the analysis page takes the whole book apart. How every part of this site was made.

More by W. B. Yeats