Witch-elms that counterchange the floor

Alfred Tennyson (1809–1892) · 1850

iambic tetrameter · ABBA · 52 lines · from In Memoriam A.H.H.

Witch-elms that counterchange the floorOf this flat lawn with dusk and bright:And thou, with all thy breadth and heightOf foliage, towering sycamore;

How often, hither wandering down,My Arthur found your shadows fair,And shook to all the liberal airThe dust and din and steam of town:

He brought an eye for all he saw;He mixt in all our simple sports;They pleased him, fresh from brawling courtsAnd dusky purlieus of the law.

O joy to him in this retreat,Immantled in ambrosial dark,To drink the cooler air, and markThe landscape winking through the heat:

O sound to rout the brood of cares,The sweep of scythe in morning dew,The gust that round the garden flew,And tumbled half the mellowing pears!

O bliss, when all in circle drawnAbout him, heart and ear were fedTo hear him, as he lay and readThe Tuscan poets on the lawn:

Or in the all-golden afternoonA guest, or happy sister, sung,Or here she brought the harp and flungA ballad to the brightening moon:

Nor less it pleased in livelier moods,Beyond the bounding hill to stray,And break the livelong summer dayWith banquet in the distant woods;

Whereat we glanced from theme to theme,Discuss’d the books to love or hate,Or touch’d the changes of the state,Or threaded some Socratic dream;

But if I praised the busy town,He loved to rail against it still,For ‘ground in yonder social millWe rub each other’s angles down,

And merge’ he said ‘in form and glossThe picturesque of man and man.’We talk’d: the stream beneath us ran,The wine-flask lying couch’d in moss,

Or cool’d within the glooming waveAnd last, returning from afar,Before the crimson-circled starHad fall’n into her father’s grave,

And brushing ankle-deep in flowers,We heard behind the woodbine veilThe milk that bubbled in the pail,And buzzings of the honied hours.

Words in this poem 15
counterchange v. t.
To give and receive; to cause to change places; to exchange.
towering a.
Very high; elevated; rising aloft; as, a towering height.
shook v. t.
To pack, as staves, in a shook.
brawling a.
Quarreling; quarrelsome; noisy.
ambrosial a.
Consisting of, or partaking of the nature of, ambrosia; delighting the taste or smell; delicious.
cooler n.
That which cools, or abates heat or excitement.
afternoon n.
The part of the day which follows noon, between noon and evening.
livelong a.
Whole; entire; long in passing; -- used of time, as day or night, in adverbial phrases, and usually with a sense of tediousness. [For lifelong. Cf. Lifelong.]
whereat adv.
At which; upon which; whereupon; -- used relatively.
socratic a.
Of or pertaining to Socrates, the Grecian sage and teacher. (b.
yonder adv.
At a distance, but within view. [OE. yonder, ýonder; cf. OD. ginder, Goth. jaindr there. Yond, adv.]
glooming n.
Twilight (of morning or evening); the gloaming. [Cf. Gloaming.]
afar adv.
At, to, or from a great distance; far away; -- often used with from preceding, or off following; as, he was seen from afar; I saw him afar off. [Pref. a-.(for on or of) + far.]
circled a.
Having the form of a circle; round.
brushing a.
Constructed or used to brush with; as a brushing machine.

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

Witch-elms that counterchange the floor is in the public domain. This text is taken from In memoriam, Project Gutenberg ebook #70950; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: Alfred Tennyson, Witch-elms that counterchange the floor, in In Memoriam A.H.H. (1850), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #70950, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/tennyson-in-memoriam/section-87.html, id L18447.

Form and metre

Witch-elms that counterchange the floor is 52 lines in 13 stanzas of 4 lines each. Every stanza rhymes ABBA. The metre is iambic tetrameter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 93%). 98% of its stressed syllables fall where the metre puts the beat. The lines average 8.1 syllables. 2 lines end on an unstressed syllable, a feminine ending. 31% of the lines run on without a stop at the line end.

See other poems in iambic tetrameter.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 1 ABBA floorA · brightB · heightB · sycamoreA
  2. 2 ABBA downA · fairB · airB · townA
  3. 3 ABBA sawA · sportsB · courtsB · lawA
  4. 4 ABBA retreatA · darkB · markB · heatA
  5. 5 ABBA caresA · dewB · flewB · pearsA
  6. 6 ABBA drawnA · fedB · readB · lawnA
  7. 7 ABBA afternoonA · sungB · flungB · moonA
  8. 8 ABBA moodsA · strayB · dayB · woodsA
  9. 9 ABBA themeA · hateB · stateB · dreamA
  10. 10 ABBA townA · stillB · millB · downA
  11. 11 ABBA glossA · manB · ranB · mossA
  12. 12 ABBA waveA · afarB · starB · graveA
  13. 13 ABBA flowersA · veilB · pailB · hoursA
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against iambic tetrameter. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
Witch-elms that counterchange the floor8···/˘˘··
Of this flat lawn with dusk and bright:8········
And thou, with all thy breadth and height8········
Of foliage, towering sycamore;8·/˘/˘/˘·
How often, hither wandering down,8·/˘/˘/˘·
My Arthur found your shadows fair,8·/˘··/··
And shook to all the liberal air8·····/˘·
The dust and din and steam of town:8········
He brought an eye for all he saw;8········
He mixt in all our simple sports;8····//˘·
They pleased him, fresh from brawling courts8·····/˘·
And dusky purlieus of the law.8·/˘·····
O joy to him in this retreat,8······˘/
Immantled in ambrosial dark,8··˘·˘/˘·
To drink the cooler air, and mark8···/˘···
The landscape winking through the heat:8·/·/˘···
O sound to rout the brood of cares,8········
The sweep of scythe in morning dew,8·····/˘·
The gust that round the garden flew,8·····/˘·
And tumbled half the mellowing pears!8·/˘··/˘·
O bliss, when all in circle drawn8·····/˘·
About him, heart and ear were fed8········
To hear him, as he lay and read8········
The Tuscan poets on the lawn:8·/˘/˘···
Or in the all-golden afternoon9····/˘·˘/
A guest, or happy sister, sung,8···/˘/˘·
Or here she brought the harp and flung8········
A ballad to the brightening moon:8·/˘··/˘·
Nor less it pleased in livelier moods,8·····/˘·
Beyond the bounding hill to stray,8···/˘···
And break the livelong summer day8···/˘/˘·
With banquet in the distant woods;8·/˘··/˘·
Whereat we glanced from theme to theme,8˘/······
Discuss’d the books to love or hate,8˘/······
Or touch’d the changes of the state,8···/˘···
Or threaded some Socratic dream;8·/˘·˘/˘·
But if I praised the busy town,8·····/˘·
He loved to rail against it still,8········
For ‘ground in yonder social mill8···/˘/˘·
We rub each other’s angles down,8···/˘/˘·
And merge’ he said ‘in form and gloss8········
The picturesque of man and man.’8·/˘˘····
We talk’d: the stream beneath us ran,8········
The wine-flask lying couch’d in moss,8···/˘···
Or cool’d within the glooming wave8·····/˘·
And last, returning from afar,8··˘/˘·˘/
Before the crimson-circled star8···/˘/˘·
Had fall’n into her father’s grave,8·····/˘·
And brushing ankle-deep in flowers,9·/˘/˘··/˘
We heard behind the woodbine veil8·····/˘·
The milk that bubbled in the pail,8···/˘···
And buzzings of the honied hours.9·/˘··/˘/˘

The reader shows the same poem with its rhymes coloured and a stress row above each line, the notes beside their stanzas, and any word's definition on a tap; the analysis page takes the whole book apart. How every part of this site was made.

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