Sunday Morning

Wallace Stevens (1879–1955) · 1923

iambic pentameter · 120 lines · from Harmonium

Complacencies of the peignoir, and lateCoffee and oranges in a sunny chair,And the green freedom of a cockatooUpon a rug mingle to dissipateThe holy hush of ancient sacrifice.She dreams a little, and she feels the darkEncroachment of that old catastrophe,As a calm darkens among water-lights.The pungent oranges and bright, green wingsSeem things in some procession of the dead,Winding across wide water, without sound.The day is like wide water, without sound,Stilled for the passing of her dreaming feetOver the seas, to silent Palestine,Dominion of the blood and sepulchre.

Why should she give her bounty to the dead?What is divinity if it can comeOnly in silent shadows and in dreams?Shall she not find in comforts of the sun,In pungent fruit and bright, green wings, or elseIn any balm or beauty of the earth,Things to be cherished like the thought of heaven?Divinity must live within herself:Passions of rain, or moods in falling snow;Grievings in loneliness, or unsubduedElations when the forest blooms; gustyEmotions on wet roads on autumn nights;All pleasures and all pains, rememberingThe bough of summer and the winter branch.These are the measures destined for her soul.

Jove in the clouds had his inhuman birth.No mother suckled him, no sweet land gaveLarge-mannered motions to his mythy mind.He moved among us, as a muttering king,Magnificent, would move among his hinds,Until our blood, commingling, virginal,With heaven, brought such requital to desireThe very hinds discerned it, in a star.Shall our blood fail? Or shall it come to beThe blood of paradise? And shall the earthSeem all of paradise that we shall know?The sky will be much friendlier then than now,A part of labor and a part of pain,And next in glory to enduring love,Not this dividing and indifferent blue.

She says, “I am content when wakened birds,Before they fly, test the realityOf misty fields, by their sweet questionings;But when the birds are gone, and their warm fieldsReturn no more, where, then, is paradise?”There is not any haunt of prophesy,Nor any old chimera of the grave,Neither the golden underground, nor isleMelodious, where spirits gat them home,Nor visionary south, nor cloudy palmRemote on heaven’s hill, that has enduredAs April’s green endures; or will endureLike her remembrance of awakened birds,Or her desire for June and evening, tippedBy the consummation of the swallow’s wings.

She says, “But in contentment I still feelThe need of some imperishable bliss.”Death is the mother of beauty; hence from her,Alone, shall come fulfilment to our dreamsAnd our desires. Although she strews the leavesOf sure obliteration on our paths,The path sick sorrow took, the many pathsWhere triumph rang its brassy phrase, or loveWhispered a little out of tenderness,She makes the willow shiver in the sunFor maidens who were wont to sit and gazeUpon the grass, relinquished to their feet.She causes boys to pile new plums and pearsOn disregarded plate. The maidens tasteAnd stray impassioned in the littering leaves.

Is there no change of death in paradise?Does ripe fruit never fall? Or do the boughsHang always heavy in that perfect sky,Unchanging, yet so like our perishing earth,With rivers like our own that seek for seasThey never find, the same receding shoresThat never touch with inarticulate pang?Why set the pear upon those river-banksOr spice the shores with odors of the plum?Alas, that they should wear our colors there,The silken weavings of our afternoons,And pick the strings of our insipid lutes!Death is the mother of beauty, mystical,Within whose burning bosom we deviseOur earthly mothers waiting, sleeplessly.

Supple and turbulent, a ring of menShall chant in orgy on a summer mornTheir boisterous devotion to the sun,Not as a god, but as a god might be,Naked among them, like a savage source.Their chant shall be a chant of paradise,Out of their blood, returning to the sky;And in their chant shall enter, voice by voice,The windy lake wherein their lord delights,The trees, like serafin, and echoing hills,That choir among themselves long afterward.They shall know well the heavenly fellowshipOf men that perish and of summer morn.And whence they came and whither they shall goThe dew upon their feet shall manifest.

She hears, upon that water without sound,A voice that cries, “The tomb in PalestineIs not the porch of spirits lingering.It is the grave of Jesus, where he lay.”We live in an old chaos of the sun,Or old dependency of day and night,Or island solitude, unsponsored, free,Of that wide water, inescapable.Deer walk upon our mountains, and the quailWhistle about us their spontaneous cries;Sweet berries ripen in the wilderness;And, in the isolation of the sky,At evening, casual flocks of pigeons makeAmbiguous undulations as they sink,Downward to darkness, on extended wings.

Words in this poem 21
peignoir n.
A woman's loose dressing sack; hence, a loose morning gown or wrapper.
sunny a.
Of or pertaining to the sun; proceeding from, or resembling the sun; hence, shining; bright; brilliant; radiant.
catastrophe n.
An event producing a subversion of the order or system of things; a final event, usually of a calamitous or disastrous nature; hence, sudden calamity; great misfortune.
sepulchre n.
The place in which the dead body of a human being is interred, or a place set apart for that purpose; a grave; a tomb. [OE. sepulcre, OF. sepulcre, F. sépulcre, fr. L. sepulcrum, sepulchrum, fr. sepelire to bury.]
bounty n.
Goodness, kindness; virtue; worth. [OE. bounte goodness, kindness, F. bonté, fr. L. bonitas, fr. bonus good, for older duonus; cf. Skr. duvas honor, respect.]
shall v. i.
To owe; to be under obligation for. [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen,]
loneliness n.
The condition of being lonely; solitude; seclusion.
gusty a.
Subject to, or characterized by, gusts or squalls; windy; stormy; tempestuous.
jove n.
The chief divinity of the ancient Romans; Jupiter. [L. Jupiter, gen. Jovis, OL. Jovis, nom. & gen. for Djovis; akin to E. Tuesday. See Tuesday, and cf. Jupiter.]
virginal a.
Of or pertaining to a virgin; becoming a virgin; maidenly. [L. virginalis: cf. F. virginal.]
chimera n.
A monster represented as vomiting flames, and as having the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a dragon. [L. chimaera a chimera (in sense 1), Gr. qymbr a yearling ewe.]
isle v. t.
To cause to become an island, or like an island; to surround or encompass; to island.
consummation n.
The act of consummating, or the state of being consummated; completed; completion; perfection; termination; end (as of the world or of life). [L. consummatio.]
brassy a.
Of or pertaining to brass; having the nature, appearance, or hardness, of brass.
impassioned p. p.
Actuated or characterized by passion or zeal; showing warmth of feeling; ardent; animated; excited; as, an impassioned orator or discourse.
orgy n.
A frantic revel; drunken revelry. See Orgies
morn n.
The first part of the day; the morning; -- used chiefly in poetry. [OE. morwen, morgen, AS. morgen; akin to D. morgen, OS. morgan, G. morgen, Icel. morginn, morgunn, Sw. morgon, Dan. morgen, Goth. maúrgins. Cf. Morrow, Morning.]
boisterous a.
Rough or rude; unbending; unyielding; strong; powerful. [OE. boistous; of uncertain origin; cf. W. bwyst wild, savage, wildness, ferocity, bwystus ferocious.]
whither adv.
To what place; -- used interrogatively; as, whither goest thou [OE. whider. AS. hwider; akin to E. where, who; cf. Goth. hvadre whither. See Who, and cf. Hither, Thither.]
chaos n.
An empty, immeasurable space; a yawning chasm. [L. chaos chaos (in senses 1 & 2), Gr. Chasm.]
isolation n.
The act of isolating, or the state of being isolated; insulation; separation; loneliness. Milman. [Cf. F. isolation.]

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

Sunday Morning is in the public domain. This text is taken from Harmonium, Project Gutenberg ebook #78743; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: Wallace Stevens, Sunday Morning, in Harmonium (1923), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #78743, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/stevens-harmonium/sunday-morning.html, id L01052.

Form and metre

Sunday Morning is 120 lines in 8 stanzas of 15 lines each. The metre is iambic pentameter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 86%). 89% of its stressed syllables fall where the metre puts the beat. The lines average 10.1 syllables. 16 lines end on an unstressed syllable, a feminine ending. 36% of the lines run on without a stop at the line end.

See other poems in iambic pentameter.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 1 A--A------BB--- lateA · chair · cockatoo · dissipateA · sacrifice · dark · catastrophe · lights · wings · dead · soundB · soundB · feet · palestine · sepulchre
  2. 2 ---A--A-------- dead · come · dreams · sunA · else · earth · heavenA · herself · snow · unsubdued · gusty · nights · remembering · branch · soul
  3. 3 A--------A----- birthA · gave · mind · king · hinds · virginal · desire · star · be · earthA · know · now · pain · love · blue
  4. 4 A-----------A-- birdsA · reality · questionings · fields · paradise · prophesy · grave · isle · home · palm · endured · endure · birdsA · tipped · wings
  5. 5 ----ABB-------A feel · bliss · her · dreams · leavesA · pathsB · pathsB · love · tenderness · sun · gaze · feet · pears · taste · leavesA
  6. 6 A------------A- paradiseA · boughs · sky · earth · seas · shores · pang · banks · plum · there · afternoons · lutes · mystical · deviseA · sleeplessly
  7. 7 -A-B--B-----A-- men · mornA · sun · beB · source · paradise · skyB · voice · delights · hills · afterward · fellowship · mornA · go · manifest
  8. 8 -------AA------ sound · palestine · lingering · lay · sun · night · free · inescapableA · quailA · cries · wilderness · sky · make · sink · wings
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against iambic pentameter. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
Complacencies of the peignoir, and late10˘/˘˘······
Coffee and oranges in a sunny chair,10/˘·/˘··/˘·
And the green freedom of a cockatoo10···/˘··/˘·
Upon a rug mingle to dissipate10····/˘·/˘·
The holy hush of ancient sacrifice.10·/˘··/˘/˘·
She dreams a little, and she feels the dark10···/˘·····
Encroachment of that old catastrophe,10˘/˘···˘/˘˘
As a calm darkens among water-lights.10···/˘··/˘·
The pungent oranges and bright, green wings10·/˘/˘˘····
Seem things in some procession of the dead,10····˘/˘···
Winding across wide water, without sound.10/˘˘/·/˘···
The day is like wide water, without sound,10·····/˘···
Stilled for the passing of her dreaming feet10···/˘··/˘·
Over the seas, to silent Palestine,10·····/˘/˘·
Dominion of the blood and sepulchre.9˘/˘······
Why should she give her bounty to the dead?10·····/˘···
What is divinity if it can come10··˘/˘˘····
Only in silent shadows and in dreams?10/˘·/˘/····
Shall she not find in comforts of the sun,10·····/˘···
In pungent fruit and bright, green wings, or else10·/˘·······
In any balm or beauty of the earth,10·/˘··/˘···
Things to be cherished like the thought of heaven?11···/˘····/˘
Divinity must live within herself:10˘/˘˘····˘/
Passions of rain, or moods in falling snow;10/˘·····/˘·
Grievings in loneliness, or unsubdued10/˘·/˘˘···˘
Elations when the forest blooms; gusty10˘/˘··/˘·/˘
Emotions on wet roads on autumn nights;10˘/˘····/˘·
All pleasures and all pains, remembering10·/˘···˘/˘˘
The bough of summer and the winter branch.10···/˘··/˘·
These are the measures destined for her soul.10···/˘/˘···
Jove in the clouds had his inhuman birth.10······˘/˘·
No mother suckled him, no sweet land gave10·/˘/˘·····
Large-mannered motions to his mythy mind.10·/˘/˘·····
He moved among us, as a muttering king,10·······/˘·
Magnificent, would move among his hinds,10˘/˘˘······
Until our blood, commingling, virginal,11··/·˘/˘˘/˘˘
With heaven, brought such requital to desire11·/··˘/˘·˘/˘
The very hinds discerned it, in a star.10·/˘·˘/····
Shall our blood fail? Or shall it come to be10·/········
The blood of paradise? And shall the earth10···/˘·····
Seem all of paradise that we shall know?10···/˘·····
The sky will be much friendlier then than now,10·····/˘···
A part of labor and a part of pain,10···/˘·····
And next in glory to enduring love,10···/˘·˘/˘·
Not this dividing and indifferent blue.10··˘/˘·˘/˘·
She says, “I am content when wakened birds,10····˘/·/˘·
Before they fly, test the reality10······˘/˘˘
Of misty fields, by their sweet questionings;10·/˘····/˘˘
But when the birds are gone, and their warm fields10··········
Return no more, where, then, is paradise?”10˘/·····/˘·
There is not any haunt of prophesy,10···/˘··/˘˘
Nor any old chimera of the grave,10·/˘·˘/˘···
Neither the golden underground, nor isle10/˘·/˘/˘···
Melodious, where spirits gat them home,10˘/˘˘·/˘···
Nor visionary south, nor cloudy palm10·/˘·˘··/˘·
Remote on heaven’s hill, that has endured10˘/·/˘···˘/
As April’s green endures; or will endure10·/˘·˘/··˘/
Like her remembrance of awakened birds,10··˘/˘·˘/˘·
Or her desire for June and evening, tipped10··˘/···/˘·
By the consummation of the swallow’s wings.11···˘/˘··/˘·
She says, “But in contentment I still feel10····˘/˘···
The need of some imperishable bliss.”10····˘/˘˘˘·
Death is the mother of beauty; hence from her,11···/˘·/˘···
Alone, shall come fulfilment to our dreams10˘/······/·
And our desires. Although she strews the leaves10·/˘/······
Of sure obliteration on our paths,10··˘·˘/˘·/·
The path sick sorrow took, the many paths10···/˘··/˘·
Where triumph rang its brassy phrase, or love10·/˘··/˘···
Whispered a little out of tenderness,10/˘·/˘··/˘˘
She makes the willow shiver in the sun10···/·/˘···
For maidens who were wont to sit and gaze10·/˘·······
Upon the grass, relinquished to their feet.10····˘/˘···
She causes boys to pile new plums and pears10·/˘·······
On disregarded plate. The maidens taste10··˘/˘··/˘·
And stray impassioned in the littering leaves.10··˘/˘··/˘·
Is there no change of death in paradise?10·······/˘·
Does ripe fruit never fall? Or do the boughs10···/˘·····
Hang always heavy in that perfect sky,10·/˘/˘··/··
Unchanging, yet so like our perishing earth,10˘/˘···//˘·
With rivers like our own that seek for seas10·/˘·/·····
They never find, the same receding shores10·/˘···˘/˘·
That never touch with inarticulate pang?10·/··˘˘/˘˘·
Why set the pear upon those river-banks10·······/˘·
Or spice the shores with odors of the plum?10·····/˘···
Alas, that they should wear our colors there,10˘/····//˘·
The silken weavings of our afternoons,10·/˘/˘·/·˘/
And pick the strings of our insipid lutes!10·····/˘/˘·
Death is the mother of beauty, mystical,11···/˘·/˘/˘˘
Within whose burning bosom we devise10···/˘/˘·˘/
Our earthly mothers waiting, sleeplessly.10//˘/˘/˘···
Supple and turbulent, a ring of men10/˘·/˘˘····
Shall chant in orgy on a summer morn10···/˘··/˘·
Their boisterous devotion to the sun,10·/˘˘˘/˘···
Not as a god, but as a god might be,10··········
Naked among them, like a savage source.10/˘·····/˘·
Their chant shall be a chant of paradise,10·······/˘·
Out of their blood, returning to the sky;10····˘/˘···
And in their chant shall enter, voice by voice,10·····/˘···
The windy lake wherein their lord delights,10·/˘·····˘/
The trees, like serafin, and echoing hills,10···/˘·/˘˘·
That choir among themselves long afterward.11·/˘··˘/·/˘˘
They shall know well the heavenly fellowship10·····/˘/˘·
Of men that perish and of summer morn.10···/˘··/˘·
And whence they came and whither they shall go10·····/˘···
The dew upon their feet shall manifest.10·······/˘·
She hears, upon that water without sound,10·····/˘···
A voice that cries, “The tomb in Palestine10·······/˘·
Is not the porch of spirits lingering.10·····/˘/˘˘
It is the grave of Jesus, where he lay.”10·····/˘···
We live in an old chaos of the sun,10·····/˘···
Or old dependency of day and night,10··˘/˘˘····
Or island solitude, unsponsored, free,10·/˘/˘·····
Of that wide water, inescapable.10···/˘·˘/˘˘
Deer walk upon our mountains, and the quail10····//˘···
Whistle about us their spontaneous cries;10/˘····˘/˘·
Sweet berries ripen in the wilderness;10·/˘/˘··/˘˘
And, in the isolation of the sky,10····˘/˘···
At evening, casual flocks of pigeons make10·/˘/˘··/˘·
Ambiguous undulations as they sink,10˘/˘·······
Downward to darkness, on extended wings.10/˘·/˘·˘/˘·

The reader shows the same poem with its rhymes coloured and a stress row above each line, the notes beside their stanzas, and any word's definition on a tap; the analysis page takes the whole book apart. How every part of this site was made.

More by Wallace Stevens