King Olaf’s Return

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807–1882) · 1839–1882

trochaic tetrameter · AABCCB · 84 lines · from The Complete Poetical Works

And King Olaf heard the cry,Saw the red light in the sky,Laid his hand upon his sword,As he leaned upon the railing,And his ships went sailing, sailingNorthward into Drontheim fiord.

There he stood as one who dreamed;And the red light glanced and gleamedOn the armor that he wore;And he shouted, as the rifledStreamers o’er him shook and shifted,“I accept thy challenge, Thor!”

To avenge his father slain,And reconquer realm and reign,Came the youthful Olaf home,Through the midnight sailing, sailing,Listening to the wild wind’s wailing,And the dashing of the foam.

To his thoughts the sacred nameOf his mother Astrid came,And the tale she oft had toldOf her flight by secret passesThrough the mountains and morasses,To the home of Hakon old.

Then strange memories crowded backOf Queen Gunhild’s wrath and wrack,And a hurried flight by sea;Of grim Vikings, and the raptureOf the sea-fight, and the capture,And the life of slavery.

How a stranger watched his faceIn the Esthonian market-place,Scanned his features one by one,Saying, “We should know each other;I am Sigurd, Astrid’s brother,Thou art Olaf, Astrid’s son!”

Then as Queen Allogia’s page,Old in honors, young in age,Chief of all her men-at-arms;Till vague whispers, and mysterious,Reached King Valdemar, the imperious,Filling him with strange alarms.

Then his cruisings o’er the seas,Westward to the Hebrides,And to Scilly’s rocky shore;And the hermit’s cavern dismal,Christ’s great name and rites baptismalin the ocean’s rush and roar.

All these thoughts of love and strifeGlimmered through his lurid life,As the stars’ intenser lightThrough the red flames o’er him trailing,As his ships went sailing, sailing,Northward in the summer night.

Trained for either camp or court,Skilful in each manly sport,Young and beautiful and tall;Art of warfare, craft of chases,Swimming, skating, snow-shoe racesExcellent alike in all.

When at sea, with all his rowers,He along the bending oarsOutside of his ship could run.He the Smalsor Horn ascended,And his shining shield suspended,On its summit, like a sun.

On the ship-rails he could stand,Wield his sword with either hand,And at once two javelins throw;At all feasts where ale was strongestSat the merry monarch longest,First to come and last to go.

Norway never yet had seenOne so beautiful of mien,One so royal in attire,When in arms completely furnished,Harness gold-inlaid and burnished,Mantle like a flame of fire.

Thus came Olaf to his own,When upon the night-wind blownPassed that cry along the shore;And he answered, while the riftedStreamers o’er him shook and shifted,“I accept thy challenge, Thor!”

Words in this poem

went n.
Course; way; path; journey; direction.
northward a.
Toward the north; nearer to the north than to the east or west point. [AS. noredhweard.]
fiord n.
A narrow inlet of the sea, penetrating between high banks or rocks, as on the coasts of Norway and Alaska. [Dan. & Norw. fiord. See Frith.]
shook v. t.
To pack, as staves, in a shook.
thor n.
The god of thunder, and son of Odin. [Icel. þors. Cf. Thursday.]
reconquer v. t.
To conquer again; to recover by conquest; as, to reconquer a revolted province. [Pref. re- + conquer: cf. F. reconquérir.]
wrack n.
Wreck; ruin; destruction. [OE. wrak wreck. See Wreck.]
imperious a.
Commanding; ascendant; imperial; lordly; majestic. [L. imperiosus: cf. F. impérieux. See Imperial.]
dismal a.
Fatal; ill-omened; unlucky. [Formerly a noun; e. g., "I trow it was in the dismalle." Chaucer. Of uncertain origin; but perh. (as suggested by Skeat) from OF. disme, F. dîme, tithe, the phr]
strife n.
The act of striving; earnest endeavor. [OF. estrif. See Strive.]
lurid a.
Pale yellow; ghastly pale; wan; gloomy; dismal. [L. luridus.]
craft n.
Strength; might; secret power. [AS. cr strength, skill, art, cunning; akin to OS., G., Sw., & Dan. kraft strength, D. kracht, Icel. kraptr; perh. originally, a drawing together, stretching, fr]
wield v. t.
To govern; to rule; to keep, or have in charge; also, to possess. [OE. welden to govern, to have power over, to possess, AS. geweldan, gewyldan, from wealdan; akin to OS. waldan, OFries. walda, G. walten, OHG. waltan, Icel. val]

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

King Olaf’s Return is in the public domain. This text is taken from The Complete Poetical Works of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Project Gutenberg ebook #1365; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, King Olaf’s Return, in The Complete Poetical Works (1839–1882), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #1365, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/longfellow-poems/king-olaf-s-return.html, id L17654.

Form and metre

King Olaf’s Return is 84 lines in 14 stanzas of 6 lines each. The rhyme scheme is AABCCB, complete in 11 of its 14 stanzas. The metre is trochaic tetrameter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 90%). 94% of its stressed syllables fall where the metre puts the beat. The lines average 7.5 syllables. 33 lines end on an unstressed syllable, a feminine ending. 21% of the lines run on without a stop at the line end.

See other poems in trochaic tetrameter.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 1 AABCCB cryA · skyA · swordB · railingC · sailingC · fiordB
  2. 2 AAB--B dreamedA · gleamedA · woreB · rifled · shifted · thorB
  3. 3 AABCCB slainA · reignA · homeB · sailingC · wailingC · foamB
  4. 4 AABCCB nameA · cameA · toldB · passesC · morassesC · oldB
  5. 5 AA-BB- backA · wrackA · sea · raptureB · captureB · slavery
  6. 6 AABCCB faceA · placeA · oneB · otherC · brotherC · sonB
  7. 7 AABCCB pageA · ageA · armsB · mysteriousC · imperiousC · alarmsB
  8. 8 AABCCB seasA · hebridesA · shoreB · dismalC · baptismalC · roarB
  9. 9 AABCCB strifeA · lifeA · lightB · trailingC · sailingC · nightB
  10. 10 AABCCB courtA · sportA · tallB · chasesC · racesC · allB
  11. 11 --ABBA rowers · oars · runA · ascendedB · suspendedB · sunA
  12. 12 AABCCB standA · handA · throwB · strongestC · longestC · goB
  13. 13 AABCCB seenA · mienA · attireB · furnishedC · burnishedC · fireB
  14. 14 AABCCB ownA · blownA · shoreB · riftedC · shiftedC · thorB
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against trochaic tetrameter. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
And King Olaf heard the cry,7··/˘···
Saw the red light in the sky,7·······
Laid his hand upon his sword,7·······
As he leaned upon the railing,8······/˘
And his ships went sailing, sailing8····/˘/˘
Northward into Drontheim fiord.7/˘·····
There he stood as one who dreamed;8·······˘
And the red light glanced and gleamed8·····˘··
On the armor that he wore;7··/˘···
And he shouted, as the rifled8··/˘··/˘
Streamers o’er him shook and shifted,8/˘····/˘
“I accept thy challenge, Thor!”7·˘/·/˘·
To avenge his father slain,7·˘/·/˘·
And reconquer realm and reign,7·˘/˘···
Came the youthful Olaf home,7··/˘/˘·
Through the midnight sailing, sailing,8··/·/˘/˘
Listening to the wild wind’s wailing,9/˘˘····/˘
And the dashing of the foam.7··/˘···
To his thoughts the sacred name8····/˘˘·
Of his mother Astrid came,7··/˘/˘·
And the tale she oft had told7·······
Of her flight by secret passes8····/˘/˘
Through the mountains and morasses,8··/˘·˘/˘
To the home of Hakon old.7····/˘·
Then strange memories crowded back8··/˘˘/˘·
Of Queen Gunhild’s wrath and wrack,7·······
And a hurried flight by sea;7··/˘···
Of grim Vikings, and the rapture8··/˘··/˘
Of the sea-fight, and the capture,8······/˘
And the life of slavery.7····/˘˘
How a stranger watched his face8··/˘·˘··
In the Esthonian market-place,8·····/˘·
Scanned his features one by one,8·˘·/˘···
Saying, “We should know each other;8/˘····/˘
I am Sigurd, Astrid’s brother,8··/˘/˘/˘
Thou art Olaf, Astrid’s son!”7··/˘/˘·
Then as Queen Allogia’s page,7·······
Old in honors, young in age,7··/˘···
Chief of all her men-at-arms;7·······
Till vague whispers, and mysterious,9··/˘·˘/˘˘
Reached King Valdemar, the imperious,9··˘/·˘/˘˘
Filling him with strange alarms.7/˘···˘/
Then his cruisings o’er the seas,7··/˘···
Westward to the Hebrides,7/˘··/˘˘
And to Scilly’s rocky shore;7····/˘·
And the hermit’s cavern dismal,8··/˘/˘/˘
Christ’s great name and rites baptismal8·····˘/˘
in the ocean’s rush and roar.7··/˘···
All these thoughts of love and strife7·······
Glimmered through his lurid life,8/˘˘··/˘·
As the stars’ intenser light7·······
Through the red flames o’er him trailing,8······/˘
As his ships went sailing, sailing,8····/˘/˘
Northward in the summer night.7/˘··/˘·
Trained for either camp or court,8·˘·/˘···
Skilful in each manly sport,7/˘··/˘·
Young and beautiful and tall;7··/˘˘··
Art of warfare, craft of chases,8··/···/˘
Swimming, skating, snow-shoe races8/˘/˘··/˘
Excellent alike in all.7/˘˘˘/··
When at sea, with all his rowers,8······/˘
He along the bending oars7·˘/·/˘·
Outside of his ship could run.7//·····
He the Smalsor Horn ascended,8·····˘/˘
And his shining shield suspended,8··/˘·˘/˘
On its summit, like a sun.7··/˘···
On the ship-rails he could stand,7·······
Wield his sword with either hand,7····/˘·
And at once two javelins throw;8····/˘˘·
At all feasts where ale was strongest8······/˘
Sat the merry monarch longest,8··/˘/·/˘
First to come and last to go.7·······
Norway never yet had seen7/·/˘···
One so beautiful of mien,7··/˘˘··
One so royal in attire,8··/˘·˘/˘
When in arms completely furnished,8···˘/˘/˘
Harness gold-inlaid and burnished,8/˘·/··/˘
Mantle like a flame of fire.8/˘····/˘
Thus came Olaf to his own,7··/˘···
When upon the night-wind blown7·······
Passed that cry along the shore;8·˘··˘/··
And he answered, while the rifted8··/˘··/˘
Streamers o’er him shook and shifted,8/˘····/˘
“I accept thy challenge, Thor!”7·˘/·/˘·

The reader shows the same poem with its rhymes coloured and a stress row above each line, the notes beside their stanzas, and any word's definition on a tap; the analysis page takes the whole book apart. How every part of this site was made.

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