Elizabeth I
"Ah, how short are the days! How soon the night overtakes us!In the old country the twilight is longer; but here in the forestSuddenly comes the dark, with hardly a pause in its coming,Hardly a moment between the two lights, the day and the lamplight;Yet how grand is the winter! How spotless the snow is, and perfect!"
Thus spake Elizabeth Haddon at nightfall to Hannah the housemaid,As in the farm-house kitchen, that served for kitchen and parlor,By the window she sat with her work, and looked on a landscapeWhite as the great white sheet that Peter saw in his vision,By the four corners let down and descending out of the heavens.Covered with snow were the forests of pine, and the fields and the meadows.Nothing was dark but the sky, and the distant Delaware flowingDown from its native hills, a peaceful and bountiful river.
Then with a smile on her lips made answer Hannah the housemaid:"Beautiful winter! yea, the winter is beautiful, surely,If one could only walk like a fly with one's feet on the ceiling.But the great Delaware River is not like the Thames, as we saw itOut of our upper windows in Rotherhithe Street in the Borough,Crowded with masts and sails of vessels coming and going;Here there is nothing but pines, with patches of snow on their branches.There is snow in the air, and see! it is falling already;All the roads will be blocked, and I pity Joseph to-morrow,Breaking his way through the drifts, with his sled and oxen; and then, too,How in all the world shall we get to Meeting on First-Day?"
But Elizabeth checked her, and answered, mildly reproving:"Surely the Lord will provide; for unto the snow he sayeth,Be thou on the earth, the good Lord sayeth; he is itGiveth snow like wool, like ashes scatters the hoar-frost."So she folded her work and laid it away in her basket.
Meanwhile Hannah the housemaid had closed and fastened the shutters,Spread the cloth, and lighted the lamp on the table, and placed therePlates and cups from the dresser, the brown rye loaf, and the butterFresh from the dairy, and then, protecting her hand with a holder,Took from the crane in the chimney the steaming and simmering kettle,Poised it aloft in the air, and filled up the earthen teapot,Made in Delft, and adorned with quaint and wonderful figures.
Then Elizabeth said, "Lo! Joseph is long on his errand.I have sent him away with a hamper of food and of clothingFor the poor in the village. A good lad and cheerful is Joseph;In the right place is his heart, and his hand is ready and willing."
Thus in praise of her servant she spake, and Hannah the housemaidLaughed with her eyes, as she listened, but governed her tongue, and was silent,While her mistress went on: "The house is far from the village;We should be lonely here, were it not for Friends that in passingSometimes tarry o'ernight, and make us glad by their coming."
Thereupon answered Hannah the housemaid, the thrifty, the frugal:"Yea, they come and they tarry, as if thy house were a tavern;Open to all are its doors, and they come and go like the pigeonsIn and out of the holes of the pigeon-house over the hayloft,Cooing and smoothing their feathers and basking themselves in the sunshine."
But in meekness of spirit, and calmly, Elizabeth answered:"All I have is the Lord's, not mine to give or withhold it;I but distribute his gifts to the poor, and to those of his peopleWho in journeyings often surrender their lives to his service.His, not mine, are the gifts, and only so far can I make themMine, as in giving I add my heart to whatever is given.Therefore my excellent father first built this house in the clearing;Though he came not himself, I came; for the Lord was my guidance,Leading me here for this service. We must not grudge, then, to othersEver the cup of cold water, or crumbs that fall from our table."
Thus rebuked, for a season was silent the penitent housemaid;And Elizabeth said in tones even sweeter and softer:"Dost thou remember, Hannah, the great May-Meeting in London,When I was still a child, how we sat in the silent assembly,Waiting upon the Lord in patient and passive submission?No one spake, till at length a young man, a stranger, John Estaugh,Moved by the Spirit, rose, as if he were John the Apostle,Speaking such words of power that they bowed our hearts, as a strong windBends the grass of the fields, or grain that is ripe for the sickle.Thoughts of him to-day have been oft borne inward upon me,Wherefore I do not know; but strong is the feeling within meThat once more I shall see a face I have never forgotten."
Words in this poem 18
- lamplight n.
- Light from a lamp.
- nightfall n.
- The close of the day.
- delaware n.
- An American grape, with compact bunches of small, amber-colored berries, sweet and of a good flavor.
- bountiful a.
- Free in giving; liberal in bestowing gifts and favors.
- shall v. i.
- To owe; to be under obligation for. [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen,]
- hoar v. t.
- To become moldy or musty. [AS. harian to grow gray.]
- meanwhile n.
- The intervening time; as, in the meantime (or mean time).
- dresser n.
- One who dresses; one who put in order or makes ready for use; one who on clothes or ornaments.
- chimney n.
- A fireplace or hearth. Sir W. Raleigh.
- kettle n.
- A metallic vessel, with a wide mouth, often without a cover, used for heating and boiling water or other liguids. Kettle pins, ninepins; skittles. Shelton. [OE. ketel; cf. AS. cetel, cetil, cytel; akin to D. kjedel, G. kessel, OHG. chezzil, Icel. ketill, SW. kittel, Dan. kjedel, Goth. katils; all perh. fr. L. catill]
- teapot n.
- A vessel with a spout, in which tea is made, and from which it is poured into teacups.
- quaint a.
- Prudent; wise; hence, crafty; artful; wily. [OE. queint, queynte, coint, prudent, wise, cunning, pretty, odd, OF. cointe cultivated, amiable, agreeable, neat, fr. L. cognitus known, p. p. of cognoscere to ]
- went n.
- Course; way; path; journey; direction.
- thereupon adv.
- Upon that or this; thereon.
- hayloft n.
- A loft or scaffold for hay.
- sunshine n.
- The light of the sun, or the place where it shines; the direct rays of the sun, the place where they fall, or the warmth and light which they give.
- meekness n.
- The quality or state of being meek.
- wherefore adv.
- For which reason; so; -- used relatively. [Where + for.]
Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.
About this text
Elizabeth I is in the public domain. This text is taken from The Complete Poetical Works of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Project Gutenberg ebook #1365; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.
Cite as: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Elizabeth I, in A Psalm of Life, and Other Poems (1839–1882), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #1365, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/longfellow-poems/elizabeth-i.html, id L17696.
Form and metre
Elizabeth I is 72 lines in 10 verse paragraphs. It is unrhymed, as far as the pronouncing dictionary can tell. 77% of its stressed syllables fall where the metre puts the beat. The lines average 15.0 syllables. 47 lines end on an unstressed syllable, a feminine ending. 22% of the lines run on without a stop at the line end.
Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.
Rhyme words, stanza by stanza
The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.
- 4 --A-A reproving · sayeth · itA · frost · basketA
- 8 -A--A frugal · tavernA · pigeons · hayloft · sunshineA
- 10 ---------AA- housemaid · softer · london · assembly · submission · estaugh · apostle · wind · sickle · meA · meA · forgotten
Scansion, line by line
Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. How this is done.
| Line | Syl. | Stress |
|---|---|---|
| "Ah, how short are the days! How soon the night overtakes us! | 14 | ··········/˘·· |
| In the old country the twilight is longer; but here in the forest | 17 | ···/˘·/··/˘····/˘ |
| Suddenly comes the dark, with hardly a pause in its coming, | 14 | /˘····/˘····/˘ |
| Hardly a moment between the two lights, the day and the lamplight; | 16 | /˘·/˘·········/˘ |
| Yet how grand is the winter! How spotless the snow is, and perfect!" | 16 | ·····/˘·/˘····˘/ |
| Thus spake Elizabeth Haddon at nightfall to Hannah the housemaid, | 16 | ··˘/˘/˘·/··/˘·/˘ |
| As in the farm-house kitchen, that served for kitchen and parlor, | 15 | ·····/˘···/˘·/˘ |
| By the window she sat with her work, and looked on a landscape | 15 | ··/˘·········/· |
| White as the great white sheet that Peter saw in his vision, | 14 | ·······/˘···/˘ |
| By the four corners let down and descending out of the heavens. | 16 | ···/˘···˘/˘···/˘ |
| Covered with snow were the forests of pine, and the fields and the meadows. | 17 | /˘····/˘·······/· |
| Nothing was dark but the sky, and the distant Delaware flowing | 15 | /˘·······/˘/˘·/ |
| Down from its native hills, a peaceful and bountiful river. | 14 | ···/˘··/˘·/˘/˘ |
| Then with a smile on her lips made answer Hannah the housemaid: | 15 | ········/˘/˘·/˘ |
| "Beautiful winter! yea, the winter is beautiful, surely, | 13 | /˘/˘··/˘·/˘/˘ |
| If one could only walk like a fly with one's feet on the ceiling. | 16 | ···/˘·········/˘ |
| But the great Delaware River is not like the Thames, as we saw it | 17 | ···/˘·/˘········· |
| Out of our upper windows in Rotherhithe Street in the Borough, | 16 | ··//˘/˘·······/· |
| Crowded with masts and sails of vessels coming and going; | 13 | /˘·····/˘/˘·/ |
| Here there is nothing but pines, with patches of snow on their branches. | 16 | ···/˘···/˘····/˘ |
| There is snow in the air, and see! it is falling already; | 15 | ··········/˘˘/˘ |
| All the roads will be blocked, and I pity Joseph to-morrow, | 15 | ········/˘/˘·/˘ |
| Breaking his way through the drifts, with his sled and oxen; and then, too, | 16 | /˘·········/˘··· |
| How in all the world shall we get to Meeting on First-Day?" | 14 | ·········/˘··· |
| But Elizabeth checked her, and answered, mildly reproving: | 14 | ·˘/˘···/˘/˘··· |
| "Surely the Lord will provide; for unto the snow he sayeth, | 14 | /˘···˘/······· |
| Be thou on the earth, the good Lord sayeth; he is it | 12 | ············ |
| Giveth snow like wool, like ashes scatters the hoar-frost." | 13 | /˘····/˘/˘··· |
| So she folded her work and laid it away in her basket. | 15 | ··/˘·····˘/··/˘ |
| Meanwhile Hannah the housemaid had closed and fastened the shutters, | 15 | /·/˘·/˘···/˘·/˘ |
| Spread the cloth, and lighted the lamp on the table, and placed there | 15 | ····/˘····/˘··· |
| Plates and cups from the dresser, the brown rye loaf, and the butter | 15 | ·····/˘······/˘ |
| Fresh from the dairy, and then, protecting her hand with a holder, | 16 | ···/˘··˘/˘····/˘ |
| Took from the crane in the chimney the steaming and simmering kettle, | 16 | ······/˘·/˘·/˘/˘ |
| Poised it aloft in the air, and filled up the earthen teapot, | 15 | ··˘/·······/˘/· |
| Made in Delft, and adorned with quaint and wonderful figures. | 13 | ····˘/···/˘/˘ |
| Then Elizabeth said, "Lo! Joseph is long on his errand. | 14 | ·˘/˘··/˘····/˘ |
| I have sent him away with a hamper of food and of clothing | 16 | ····˘/··/˘····/˘ |
| For the poor in the village. A good lad and cheerful is Joseph; | 16 | ·····/˘····/˘·/˘ |
| In the right place is his heart, and his hand is ready and willing." | 16 | ···········/˘·/˘ |
| Thus in praise of her servant she spake, and Hannah the housemaid | 15 | ·····/˘···/˘·/˘ |
| Laughed with her eyes, as she listened, but governed her tongue, and was silent, | 17 | ······/˘·/˘····/˘ |
| While her mistress went on: "The house is far from the village; | 14 | ··/˘········/˘ |
| We should be lonely here, were it not for Friends that in passing | 15 | ···/˘········/˘ |
| Sometimes tarry o'ernight, and make us glad by their coming." | 14 | /·/˘········/˘ |
| Thereupon answered Hannah the housemaid, the thrifty, the frugal: | 16 | ·˘//˘/˘·/˘·/˘·/˘ |
| "Yea, they come and they tarry, as if thy house were a tavern; | 15 | ·····/˘······/˘ |
| Open to all are its doors, and they come and go like the pigeons | 16 | /˘············/˘ |
| In and out of the holes of the pigeon-house over the hayloft, | 15 | ········/˘···/· |
| Cooing and smoothing their feathers and basking themselves in the sunshine." | 17 | /˘·/˘·/˘·/˘˘/··/· |
| But in meekness of spirit, and calmly, Elizabeth answered: | 14 | ··/˘·/·/˘˘/˘/˘ |
| "All I have is the Lord's, not mine to give or withhold it; | 14 | ···········˘/· |
| I but distribute his gifts to the poor, and to those of his people | 17 | ··˘/˘··········/˘ |
| Who in journeyings often surrender their lives to his service. | 15 | ··/˘/˘˘/˘····/˘ |
| His, not mine, are the gifts, and only so far can I make them | 15 | ·······/˘······ |
| Mine, as in giving I add my heart to whatever is given. | 15 | ···/˘······/˘·/ |
| Therefore my excellent father first built this house in the clearing; | 15 | ···/˘/˘······/˘ |
| Though he came not himself, I came; for the Lord was my guidance, | 15 | ····˘/·······/˘ |
| Leading me here for this service. We must not grudge, then, to others | 16 | /˘····/˘······/˘ |
| Ever the cup of cold water, or crumbs that fall from our table." | 15 | /····/˘·····//˘ |
| Thus rebuked, for a season was silent the penitent housemaid; | 15 | ·˘/··/˘·/˘·/˘/˘ |
| And Elizabeth said in tones even sweeter and softer: | 13 | ·˘/˘···//˘·/˘ |
| "Dost thou remember, Hannah, the great May-Meeting in London, | 15 | ··˘/˘/˘···/˘·/˘ |
| When I was still a child, how we sat in the silent assembly, | 16 | ···········/˘˘/˘ |
| Waiting upon the Lord in patient and passive submission? | 15 | /˘·····/˘·/˘˘/˘ |
| No one spake, till at length a young man, a stranger, John Estaugh, | 15 | ··········/˘··· |
| Moved by the Spirit, rose, as if he were John the Apostle, | 14 | ···/·······˘/˘ |
| Speaking such words of power that they bowed our hearts, as a strong wind | 15 | /˘···/···/····· |
| Bends the grass of the fields, or grain that is ripe for the sickle. | 15 | ·············/˘ |
| Thoughts of him to-day have been oft borne inward upon me, | 14 | ·········/˘··· |
| Wherefore I do not know; but strong is the feeling within me | 15 | /˘········/˘··· |
| That once more I shall see a face I have never forgotten." | 14 | ··········/˘/˘ |
The reader shows the same poem with its rhymes coloured and a stress row above each line, the notes beside their stanzas, and any word's definition on a tap; the analysis page takes the whole book apart. How every part of this site was made.