Former Cloud
A Yaksha, or divine attendant on Kubera, god of wealth, is exiled fora year from his home in the Himalayas. As he dwells on a peak in theVindhya range, half India separates him from his young bride.
On Rama's shady peak where hermits roam,Mid streams by Sita's bathing sanctified,An erring Yaksha made his hapless home,Doomed by his master humbly to abide,And spend a long, long year of absence from his bride.
Some months were gone; the lonely lover's painHad loosed his golden bracelet day by dayEre he beheld the harbinger of rain,A cloud that charged the peak in mimic fray,As an elephant attacks a bank of earth in play.
Before this cause of lovers' hopes and fearsLong time Kubera's bondman sadly bowedIn meditation, choking down his tears--Even happy hearts thrill strangely to the cloud;To him, poor wretch, the loved embrace was disallowed.
Longing to save his darling's life, unblestWith joyous tidings, through the rainy days,He plucked fresh blossoms for his cloudy guest,Such homage as a welcoming comrade pays,And bravely spoke brave words of greeting and of praise.
Nor did it pass the lovelorn Yaksha's mindHow all unfitly might his message mateWith a cloud, mere fire and water, smoke and wind--Ne'er yet was lover could discriminate'Twixt life and lifeless things, in his love-blinded state.
I know, he said, thy far-famed princely line,Thy state, in heaven's imperial council chief,Thy changing forms; to thee, such fate is mine,I come a suppliant in my widowed grief--Better thy lordly "no" than meaner souls' relief.
O cloud, the parching spirit stirs thy pity;My bride is far, through royal wrath and might;Bring her my message to the Yaksha city,Rich-gardened Alaka, where radiance brightFrom Shiva's crescent bathes the palaces in light.
When thou art risen to airy paths of heaven,Through lifted curls the wanderer's love shall peepAnd bless the sight of thee for comfort given;Who leaves his bride through cloudy days to weepExcept he be like me, whom chains of bondage keep?
While favouring breezes waft thee gently forth,And while upon thy left the plover singsHis proud, sweet song, the cranes who know thy worthWill meet thee in the sky on joyful wingsAnd for delights anticipated join their rings.
Yet hasten, O my brother, till thou see--Counting the days that bring the lonely smart--The faithful wife who only lives for me:A drooping flower is woman's loving heart,Upheld by the stem of hope when two true lovers part.
And when they hear thy welcome thunders break,When mushrooms sprout to greet thy fertile weeks,The swans who long for the Himalayan lakeWill be thy comrades to Kailasa's peaks,With juicy bits of lotus-fibre in their beaks.
One last embrace upon this mount bestowWhose flanks were pressed by Rama's holy feet,Who yearly strives his love for thee to show,Warmly his well-beloved friend to greetWith the tear of welcome shed when two long-parted meet.
Learn first, O cloud, the road that thou must go,Then hear my message ere thou speed away;Before thee mountains rise and rivers flow:When thou art weary, on the mountains stay,And when exhausted, drink the rivers' driven spray.
Elude the heavenly elephants' clumsy spite;Fly from this peak in richest jungle drest;And Siddha maids who view thy northward flightWill upward gaze in simple terror, lestThe wind be carrying quite away the mountain crest.
Bright as a heap of flashing gems, there shinesBefore thee on the ant-hill, Indra's bow;Matched with that dazzling rainbow's glittering lines,Thy sombre form shall find its beauties grow,Like the dark herdsman Vishnu, with peacock-plumes aglow.
The farmers' wives on Mala's lofty lea,Though innocent of all coquettish art,Will give thee loving glances; for on theeDepends the fragrant furrow's fruitful part;Thence, barely westering, with lightened burden start.
Words in this poem 25
- yaksha n.
- A kind of demigod attendant on Kuvera, the god of wealth. [Skr.]
- wealth n.
- Weal; welfare; prosperity; good. [OE. welthe, from wele; cf. D. weelde luxury. See Weal prosperity.]
- sanctified a.
- Made holy; also, made to have the air of sanctity; sanctimonious.
- hapless a.
- Without hap or luck; luckless; unfortunate; unlucky; unhappy; as, hapless youth; hapless maid.
- humbly adv.
- With humility; lowly.
- bondman n.
- A man slave, or one bound to service without wages. [Bond,a.orn.+ man.]
- sadly adv.
- Wearily; heavily; firmly.
- choking a.
- That chokes; producing the feeling of strangulation.
- strangely adv.
- As something foreign, or not one's own; in a manner adapted to something foreign and strange.
- unblest a.
- Not blest; excluded from benediction; hence, accursed; wretched. [Pref. un- not + blessed, blest.]
- bravely adv.
- In a brave manner; courageously; gallantly; valiantly; splendidly; nobly.
- spoke n.
- The radius or ray of a wheel; one of the small bars which are inserted in the hub, or nave, and which serve to support the rim or felly. [OE. spoke, spake, AS, spaca; akin to D. speek, LG. speke, OHG. speihha, G. speiche. sq. root170. Cf. Spike a nail.]
- lovelorn a.
- Forsaken by one's love.
- suppliant a.
- Asking earnestly and submissively; entreating; beseeching; supplicating. [F., p.pr. of supplier to entreat, L. supplicare. See Supplicate, and cf. Supplicant.]
- parching a.
- Scorching; burning; drying.
- shall v. i.
- To owe; to be under obligation for. [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen,]
- waft v. t.
- To give notice to by waving something; to wave the hand to; to beckon. [Prob. originally imp. & p. p. of wave, v. t. See Wave to waver.]
- warmly adv.
- In a warm manner; ardently.
- clumsy a.
- Stiff or benumbed, as with cold. [OE. clumsed benumbed, fr. clumsen to be benumbed; cf. Icel. klumsa lockjaw, dial. Sw. klummsen benumbed with cold. Cf. 1st Clam, and 1st Clamp.]
- jungle n.
- A dense growth of brushwood, grasses, reeds, vines, etc.; an almost impenetrable thicket of trees, canes, and reedy vegetation, as in India, Africa, Australia, and Brazil. [Hind. jangal desert, forest, jungle; Skr. ja desert.]
- northward a.
- Toward the north; nearer to the north than to the east or west point. [AS. noredhweard.]
- sombre n.
- Gloom; obscurity; duskiness; somberness.
- aglow adv.
- In a glow; glowing; as, cheeks aglow; the landscape all aglow. [Pref. a- + glow.]
- coquettish a.
- Practicing or exhibiting coquetry; alluring; enticing.
- westering a.
- Passing to the west.
Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.
About this text
Former Cloud is in the public domain. This text is taken from Shakuntala and Other Works, Project Gutenberg ebook #16659, the Arthur W. Ryder translation; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.
Cite as: Kalidasa, Former Cloud, in Shakuntala and Other Works (1912), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #16659, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/kalidasa-shakuntala/former-cloud.html, id L15652.
Form and metre
Former Cloud is 83 lines in 17 stanzas. The rhyme scheme is ABABB, complete in 13 of its 17 stanzas. The metre is iambic pentameter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 89%). 94% of its stressed syllables fall where the metre puts the beat. The lines average 10.8 syllables. 4 lines end on an unstressed syllable, a feminine ending. 28% of the lines run on without a stop at the line end.
See other poems in iambic pentameter.
Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.
Rhyme words, stanza by stanza
The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.
- 2 ABABB roamA · sanctifiedB · homeA · abideB · brideB
- 3 ABABB painA · dayB · rainA · frayB · playB
- 4 ABABB fearsA · bowedB · tearsA · cloudB · disallowedB
- 5 ABABB unblestA · daysB · guestA · paysB · praiseB
- 6 ABABB mindA · mateB · windA · discriminateB · stateB
- 7 ABABB lineA · chiefB · mineA · griefB · reliefB
- 8 ABABB pityA · mightB · cityA · brightB · lightB
- 9 -A-AA heaven · peepA · given · weepA · keepA
- 10 -A-AA forth · singsA · worth · wingsA · ringsA
- 11 ABABB seeA · smartB · meA · heartB · partB
- 12 ABAB- breakA · weeksB · lakeA · peaksB · beaks
- 13 ABABB bestowA · feetB · showA · greetB · meetB
- 14 ABABB goA · awayB · flowA · stayB · sprayB
- 15 ABABB spiteA · drestB · flightA · lestB · crestB
- 16 ABABB shinesA · bowB · linesA · growB · aglowB
- 17 ABABB leaA · artB · theeA · partB · startB
Scansion, line by line
Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against iambic pentameter. How this is done.
| Line | Syl. | Stress |
|---|---|---|
| A Yaksha, or divine attendant on Kubera, god of wealth, is exiled for | 20 | ·/˘·˘/˘/˘········/·· |
| a year from his home in the Himalayas. As he dwells on a peak in the | 19 | ········˘/˘········ |
| Vindhya range, half India separates him from his young bride. | 14 | ····/˘/˘······ |
| On Rama's shady peak where hermits roam, | 10 | ·/˘/˘··/˘· |
| Mid streams by Sita's bathing sanctified, | 10 | ·····/˘/˘˘ |
| An erring Yaksha made his hapless home, | 10 | ·/˘/˘··/˘· |
| Doomed by his master humbly to abide, | 10 | ···/˘/˘·˘/ |
| And spend a long, long year of absence from his bride. | 12 | ·······/˘··· |
| Some months were gone; the lonely lover's pain | 10 | ·····/˘/˘· |
| Had loosed his golden bracelet day by day | 10 | ···/˘/˘··· |
| Ere he beheld the harbinger of rain, | 10 | ··˘/·/˘˘·· |
| A cloud that charged the peak in mimic fray, | 10 | ·······/˘· |
| As an elephant attacks a bank of earth in play. | 12 | ··/˘˘/······ |
| Before this cause of lovers' hopes and fears | 10 | ·····/˘··· |
| Long time Kubera's bondman sadly bowed | 10 | ·····/˘/˘· |
| In meditation, choking down his tears-- | 10 | ··˘/˘/˘··· |
| Even happy hearts thrill strangely to the cloud; | 10 | //˘··/˘··· |
| To him, poor wretch, the loved embrace was disallowed. | 12 | ······˘/··˘/ |
| Longing to save his darling's life, unblest | 10 | /˘···/˘··· |
| With joyous tidings, through the rainy days, | 10 | ·/˘/˘··/˘· |
| He plucked fresh blossoms for his cloudy guest, | 10 | ···/˘··/˘· |
| Such homage as a welcoming comrade pays, | 10 | ·/˘··/˘/·· |
| And bravely spoke brave words of greeting and of praise. | 12 | ·/˘····/˘··· |
| Nor did it pass the lovelorn Yaksha's mind | 10 | ·····/˘··· |
| How all unfitly might his message mate | 10 | ·······/˘· |
| With a cloud, mere fire and water, smoke and wind-- | 11 | ····/·/˘··· |
| Ne'er yet was lover could discriminate | 10 | ···/˘·˘/˘· |
| 'Twixt life and lifeless things, in his love-blinded state. | 12 | ···/˘····/˘· |
| I know, he said, thy far-famed princely line, | 10 | ·······/˘· |
| Thy state, in heaven's imperial council chief, | 11 | ···/˘˘/˘/˘· |
| Thy changing forms; to thee, such fate is mine, | 10 | ·/˘······· |
| I come a suppliant in my widowed grief-- | 11 | ···/˘˘··/˘· |
| Better thy lordly "no" than meaner souls' relief. | 12 | /˘·/˘··/˘·˘/ |
| O cloud, the parching spirit stirs thy pity; | 11 | ···/˘/˘··/˘ |
| My bride is far, through royal wrath and might; | 10 | ·····/˘··· |
| Bring her my message to the Yaksha city, | 11 | ···/˘··/˘/˘ |
| Rich-gardened Alaka, where radiance bright | 10 | ·/˘····/˘· |
| From Shiva's crescent bathes the palaces in light. | 11 | ·/˘/˘··/˘·· |
| When thou art risen to airy paths of heaven, | 11 | ···/˘·/˘··/ |
| Through lifted curls the wanderer's love shall peep | 10 | ·/˘··/˘··· |
| And bless the sight of thee for comfort given; | 11 | ·······/˘/˘ |
| Who leaves his bride through cloudy days to weep | 10 | ·····/˘··· |
| Except he be like me, whom chains of bondage keep? | 12 | ·········/˘· |
| While favouring breezes waft thee gently forth, | 10 | ·/˘/˘··/˘· |
| And while upon thy left the plover sings | 10 | ·······/˘· |
| His proud, sweet song, the cranes who know thy worth | 10 | ·········· |
| Will meet thee in the sky on joyful wings | 10 | ·······/˘· |
| And for delights anticipated join their rings. | 12 | ··˘/˘/˘·˘··· |
| Yet hasten, O my brother, till thou see-- | 10 | ·/˘··/˘··· |
| Counting the days that bring the lonely smart-- | 10 | /˘·····/˘· |
| The faithful wife who only lives for me: | 10 | ·/˘··/˘··· |
| A drooping flower is woman's loving heart, | 10 | ·/˘/·/˘/˘· |
| Upheld by the stem of hope when two true lovers part. | 13 | ˘/········/˘· |
| And when they hear thy welcome thunders break, | 10 | ·····/˘/˘· |
| When mushrooms sprout to greet thy fertile weeks, | 10 | ·/˘····/˘· |
| The swans who long for the Himalayan lake | 11 | ·······˘/˘· |
| Will be thy comrades to Kailasa's peaks, | 10 | ···/······ |
| With juicy bits of lotus-fibre in their beaks. | 11 | ·/˘··/˘/··· |
| One last embrace upon this mount bestow | 10 | ··˘/····˘/ |
| Whose flanks were pressed by Rama's holy feet, | 10 | ·····/˘/˘· |
| Who yearly strives his love for thee to show, | 10 | ·/˘······· |
| Warmly his well-beloved friend to greet | 10 | /˘··˘/˘··· |
| With the tear of welcome shed when two long-parted meet. | 13 | ····/˘····/˘· |
| Learn first, O cloud, the road that thou must go, | 10 | ·········· |
| Then hear my message ere thou speed away; | 10 | ···/˘···˘/ |
| Before thee mountains rise and rivers flow: | 10 | ···/˘··/˘· |
| When thou art weary, on the mountains stay, | 10 | ···/˘··/˘· |
| And when exhausted, drink the rivers' driven spray. | 11 | ··˘/˘··/˘/· |
| Elude the heavenly elephants' clumsy spite; | 10 | ˘/·/˘/˘/˘· |
| Fly from this peak in richest jungle drest; | 10 | ·····/˘/˘· |
| And Siddha maids who view thy northward flight | 10 | ·······/˘· |
| Will upward gaze in simple terror, lest | 10 | ·/˘··/˘/˘· |
| The wind be carrying quite away the mountain crest. | 12 | ···/˘·˘/·/˘· |
| Bright as a heap of flashing gems, there shines | 10 | ·····/˘··· |
| Before thee on the ant-hill, Indra's bow; | 10 | ·········· |
| Matched with that dazzling rainbow's glittering lines, | 10 | ···/˘/·/˘· |
| Thy sombre form shall find its beauties grow, | 10 | ·/˘····/˘· |
| Like the dark herdsman Vishnu, with peacock-plumes aglow. | 13 | ·····/˘·/··˘/ |
| The farmers' wives on Mala's lofty lea, | 10 | ·/˘··/˘/˘· |
| Though innocent of all coquettish art, | 10 | ·/˘˘··˘/˘· |
| Will give thee loving glances; for on thee | 10 | ···/˘/˘··· |
| Depends the fragrant furrow's fruitful part; | 10 | ˘/·/˘/˘/˘· |
| Thence, barely westering, with lightened burden start. | 11 | ·/˘/˘·/˘/˘· |
The reader shows the same poem with its rhymes coloured and a stress row above each line, the notes beside their stanzas, and any word's definition on a tap; the analysis page takes the whole book apart. How every part of this site was made.