King Canute

Victor Hugo (1802–1885), translated by various hands · 1888

iambic pentameter · 110 lines · from Poems

King Canute died. Encoffined he was laid.Of Aarhuus came the Bishop prayers to say,And sang a hymn upon his tomb, and heldThat Canute was a saint--Canute the Great,That from his memory breathed celestial perfume,And that they saw him, they the priests, in glory,Seated at God's right hand, a prophet crowned.

Evening came,And hushed the organ in the holy place,And the priests, issuing from the temple doors,Left the dead king in peace. Then he arose,Opened his gloomy eyes, and grasped his sword,And went forth loftily. The massy wallsYielded before the phantom, like a mist.

There is a sea where Aarhuus, Altona,And Elsinore's vast domes and shadowy towersGlass in deep waters. Over this he wentDark, and still Darkness listened for his footInaudible, itself being but a dream.Straight to Mount Savo went he, gnawed by time,And thus, "O mountain buffeted of storms,Give me of thy huge mantle of deep snowTo frame a winding-sheet." The mountain knew him,Nor dared refuse, and with his sword CanuteCut from his flank white snow, enough to makeThe garment he desired, and then he cried,"Old mountain! death is dumb, but tell me thouThe way to God." More deep each dread ravineAnd hideous hollow yawned, and sadly thusAnswered that hoar associate of the clouds:"Spectre, I know not, I am always here."Canute departed, and with head erect,All white and ghastly in his robe of snow,Went forth into great silence and great nightBy Iceland and Norway. After himGloom swallowed up the universe. He stoodA sovran kingdomless, a lonely ghostConfronted with Immensity. He sawThe awful Infinite, at whose portal paleLightning sinks dying; Darkness, skeletonWhose joints are nights, and utter FormlessnessMoving confusedly in the horrible darkInscrutable and blind. No star was there,Yet something like a haggard gleam; no soundBut the dull tide of Darkness, and her dumbAnd fearful shudder. "'Tis the tomb," he said,"God is beyond!" Three steps he took, then cried:'Twas deathly as the grave, and not a voiceResponded, nor came any breath to swayThe snowy mantle, with unsullied whiteEmboldening the spectral wanderer.Sudden he marked how, like a gloomy star,A spot grew broad upon his livid robe;Slowly it widened, raying darkness forth;And Canute proved it with his spectral handsIt was a drop of blood.

But he saw nothing; space was black--no sound."Forward," said Canute, raising his proud head.There fell a second stain beside the first,Then it grew larger, and the Cimbrian chiefStared at the thick vague darkness, and saw naught.Still as a bloodhound follows on his track,Sad he went on. 'There fell a third red stainOn the white winding-sheet. He had never fled;Howbeit Canute forward went no more,But turned on that side where the sword arm hangs.A drop of blood, as if athwart a dream,Fell on the shroud, and reddened his right hand.Then, as in reading one turns back a page,A second time he changed his course, and turnedTo the dim left. There fell a drop of blood.Canute drew back, trembling to be alone,And wished he had not left his burial couch.But, when a blood-drop fell again, he stopped,Stooped his pale head, and tried to make a prayer.Then fell a drop, and the prayer died awayIn savage terror. Darkly he moved on,A hideous spectre hesitating, white,And ever as he went, a drop of bloodImplacably from the darkness broke awayAnd stained that awful whiteness. He beheldShaking, as doth a poplar in the wind,Those stains grow darker and more numerous:Another, and another, and another.They seem to light up that funereal gloom,And mingling in the folds of that white sheet,Made it a cloud of blood. He went, and went,And still from that unfathomable vaultThe red blood dropped upon him drop by drop,Always, for ever--without noise, as thoughFrom the black feet of some night-gibbeted corpse.Alas! Who wept those formidable tears?The Infinite!--Toward Heaven, of the goodAttainable, through the wild sea of night,That hath not ebb nor flow, Canute went on,And ever walking, came to a closed door,That from beneath showed a mysterious light.Then he looked down upon his winding-sheet,For that was the great place, the sacred place,That was a portion of the light of God,And from behind that door Hosannas rang.The winding-sheet was red, and Canute stopped.This is why Canute from the light of dayDraws ever back, and hath not dared appearBefore the Judge whose face is as the sun.This is why still remaineth the dark kingOut in the night, and never having powerTo bring his robe back to its first pure state,But feeling at each step a blood-drop fall,Wanders eternally 'neath the vast black heaven.

Words in this poem 20
went n.
Course; way; path; journey; direction.
loftily adv.
In a lofty manner or position; haughtily. [From Lofty.]
massy a.
Compacted into, or consisting of, a mass; having bulk and weight ot substance; ponderous; bulky and heavy; weight; heavy; as, a massy shield; a massy rock.
inaudible a.
Not audible; incapable of being heard; silent. [L. inaudibilis; pref. in- not + audire to hear: cf. F. unaudible. See In- not, and Audible.]
sadly adv.
Wearily; heavily; firmly.
hoar v. t.
To become moldy or musty. [AS. harian to grow gray.]
spectre n.
Something preternaturally visible; an apparition; a ghost; a phantom. [F. spectre, fr. L. spectrum an appearance, image, specter, fr. specere to look. See Spy, and cf. Spectrum.]
sovran a.
A variant of Sovereign.
ghost n.
The spirit; the soul of man. [OE. gast, gost, soul, spirit, AS. gast breath, spirit, soul; akin to OS. g spirit, soul, D. geest, G. geist, and prob. to E. gaze, ghastly.]
immensity n.
The state or quality of being immense; inlimited or immeasurable extension; infinity; vastness in extent or bulk; greatness. [L. immensitas: cf. F. immensité.]
haggard a.
Wild or intractable; disposed to break away from duty; untamed; as, a haggard or refractory hawk. Shak [F. hagard; of German origin, and prop. meaning, of the hegde or woods, wild, untamed. See Hedge, 1st Haw, and -ard.]
deathly a.
Deadly; fatal; mortal; destructive.
snowy a.
White like snow.
cimbrian a.
Of or pertaining to the Cimbri.
howbeit conj.
Be it as it may; nevertheless; notwithstanding; although; albeit; yet; but; however. [How + be + it.]
burial n.
A grave; a tomb; a place of sepulture. [OE. buriel, buriels, grave, tomb, AS. byrgels, fr. byrgan to bury, and akin to OS. burgisli sepulcher.]
implacably adv.
In an implacable manner.
broke v. i.
To transact business for another. Brome. [See Broker, and cf. Brook.]
corpse n.
A human body in general, whether living or dead; -- sometimes contemptuosly. [OF. cors (sometimes written corps), F. corps, L. corpus; akin to AS. hrif womb. See Midriff, and cf. Corse, Corselet, Corps, Cuerpo.]
eternally adv.
In an eternal manner.

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

King Canute is in the public domain. This text is taken from Poems, Project Gutenberg ebook #8775, the various hands translation; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: Victor Hugo, King Canute, in Poems (1888), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #8775, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/hugo-poems/king-canute.html, id L26823.

Form and metre

King Canute is 110 lines in 4 stanzas. The metre is iambic pentameter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 83%).

See other poems in iambic pentameter.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 4 -------------------------------------A--A------------- sound · head · first · chief · naught · track · stain · fled · more · hangs · dream · hand · page · turned · blood · alone · couch · stopped · prayer · away · on · white · blood · away · beheld · wind · numerous · another · gloom · sheet · went · vault · drop · though · corpse · tears · good · nightA · on · door · lightA · sheet · place · god · rang · stopped · day · appear · sun · king · power · state · fall · heaven
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against iambic pentameter. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
King Canute died. Encoffined he was laid.10··········
Of Aarhuus came the Bishop prayers to say,10·····/˘···
And sang a hymn upon his tomb, and held10··········
That Canute was a saint--Canute the Great,10··········
That from his memory breathed celestial perfume,11···/˘·˘/˘˘/
And that they saw him, they the priests, in glory,11·········/˘
Seated at God's right hand, a prophet crowned.10/˘·····/˘·
Evening came,3/˘·
And hushed the organ in the holy place,10···/˘··/˘·
And the priests, issuing from the temple doors,10···/˘··/˘·
Left the dead king in peace. Then he arose,10········˘/
Opened his gloomy eyes, and grasped his sword,10/˘·/˘·····
And went forth loftily. The massy walls10···/˘˘·/˘·
Yielded before the phantom, like a mist.10/˘···/˘···
There is a sea where Aarhuus, Altona,10··········
And Elsinore's vast domes and shadowy towers10·/˘····/˘/
Glass in deep waters. Over this he went10···/˘·····
Dark, and still Darkness listened for his foot10···/˘/˘···
Inaudible, itself being but a dream.10˘/˘˘˘//···
Straight to Mount Savo went he, gnawed by time,10···/˘·····
And thus, "O mountain buffeted of storms,9···/˘˘/··
Give me of thy huge mantle of deep snow10·····/˘···
To frame a winding-sheet." The mountain knew him,11···/˘··/˘··
Nor dared refuse, and with his sword Canute10··˘/······
Cut from his flank white snow, enough to make10······˘/··
The garment he desired, and then he cried,10·/˘·˘/····
"Old mountain! death is dumb, but tell me thou10·/˘·······
The way to God." More deep each dread ravine10········˘/
And hideous hollow yawned, and sadly thus10·/˘/˘··/˘·
Answered that hoar associate of the clouds:10/˘··˘/˘···
"Spectre, I know not, I am always here."10/˘·····/··
Canute departed, and with head erect,10··˘/˘···˘/
All white and ghastly in his robe of snow,10···/˘·····
Went forth into great silence and great night10·····/˘···
By Iceland and Norway. After him9·/˘·/····
Gloom swallowed up the universe. He stood10·/˘··/˘···
A sovran kingdomless, a lonely ghost10·/˘····/˘·
Confronted with Immensity. He saw10˘/˘·˘/˘˘··
The awful Infinite, at whose portal pale10·/˘/˘··/˘·
Lightning sinks dying; Darkness, skeleton10/˘·/˘/˘/˘˘
Whose joints are nights, and utter Formlessness10·····/˘···
Moving confusedly in the horrible dark11/˘˘/˘˘··/˘·
Inscrutable and blind. No star was there,10˘/˘˘······
Yet something like a haggard gleam; no sound10·/˘··/˘···
But the dull tide of Darkness, and her dumb10·····/˘···
And fearful shudder. "'Tis the tomb," he said,10·/˘/˘·····
"God is beyond!" Three steps he took, then cried:10··········
'Twas deathly as the grave, and not a voice10·/˘·······
Responded, nor came any breath to sway10˘/˘··/˘···
The snowy mantle, with unsullied white10·/˘/˘·˘/˘·
Emboldening the spectral wanderer.10˘/˘˘·/˘/˘˘
Sudden he marked how, like a gloomy star,10/˘·····/˘·
A spot grew broad upon his livid robe;10·······/˘·
Slowly it widened, raying darkness forth;10/˘·/˘˘·/˘·
And Canute proved it with his spectral hands10·······/˘·
It was a drop of blood.6······
But he saw nothing; space was black--no sound.10···/˘·····
"Forward," said Canute, raising his proud head.10/˘···/˘···
There fell a second stain beside the first,10···/˘·˘/··
Then it grew larger, and the Cimbrian chief11···/˘··/˘˘·
Stared at the thick vague darkness, and saw naught.10·····/˘···
Still as a bloodhound follows on his track,10···/˘/˘···
Sad he went on. 'There fell a third red stain10··········
On the white winding-sheet. He had never fled;10···/˘···/·
Howbeit Canute forward went no more,10˘/˘··/˘···
But turned on that side where the sword arm hangs.10··········
A drop of blood, as if athwart a dream,10······˘/··
Fell on the shroud, and reddened his right hand.10·····/˘···
Then, as in reading one turns back a page,10···/˘·····
A second time he changed his course, and turned10·/˘·······
To the dim left. There fell a drop of blood.10··········
Canute drew back, trembling to be alone,10····/˘··˘/
And wished he had not left his burial couch.10·······/˘·
But, when a blood-drop fell again, he stopped,10······˘/··
Stooped his pale head, and tried to make a prayer.10··········
Then fell a drop, and the prayer died away10········˘/
In savage terror. Darkly he moved on,10·/˘/˘/˘···
A hideous spectre hesitating, white,10·/˘/˘/˘·˘·
And ever as he went, a drop of blood10·/˘·······
Implacably from the darkness broke away11˘/˘˘··/˘·˘/
And stained that awful whiteness. He beheld10···/˘/˘·˘/
Shaking, as doth a poplar in the wind,10/˘···/˘···
Those stains grow darker and more numerous:10···/˘··/˘˘
Another, and another, and another.11˘/˘·˘/˘·˘/˘
They seem to light up that funereal gloom,11······˘/˘˘·
And mingling in the folds of that white sheet,10·/˘·······
Made it a cloud of blood. He went, and went,10··········
And still from that unfathomable vault10····˘/˘˘˘·
The red blood dropped upon him drop by drop,10··········
Always, for ever--without noise, as though10/··/˘·····
From the black feet of some night-gibbeted corpse.11···········
Alas! Who wept those formidable tears?10˘/···/˘˘˘·
The Infinite!--Toward Heaven, of the good10·/˘˘··/···
Attainable, through the wild sea of night,10˘/˘˘······
That hath not ebb nor flow, Canute went on,10··········
And ever walking, came to a closed door,10·/˘/˘·····
That from beneath showed a mysterious light.10······˘/˘·
Then he looked down upon his winding-sheet,10·······/˘·
For that was the great place, the sacred place,10·······/˘·
That was a portion of the light of God,10···/˘·····
And from behind that door Hosannas rang.10··········
The winding-sheet was red, and Canute stopped.10·/˘·······
This is why Canute from the light of day10··········
Draws ever back, and hath not dared appear10·/˘·····˘/
Before the Judge whose face is as the sun.10··········
This is why still remaineth the dark king10····˘/˘···
Out in the night, and never having power11·····/˘/˘/˘
To bring his robe back to its first pure state,10··········
But feeling at each step a blood-drop fall,10·/˘·······
Wanders eternally 'neath the vast black heaven.10/˘˘/˘····/

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