The Fourth Decade

Samuel Daniel (1562–1619) · 1592

iambic pentameter · English sonnet · 126 lines · from Delia, with Constable's Diana

Needs must I leave and yet needs must I love;In vain my wit doth tell in verse my woe;Despair in me, disdain in thee, doth showHow by my wit I do my folly prove.All this my heart from love can never move.Love is not in my heart. No, Lady, no,My heart is love itself. Till I foregoMy heart I never can my love remove.How can I then leave love? I do intendNot to crave grace, but yet to wish it still;Not to praise thee, but beauty to commend;And so, by beauty's praise, praise thee I will;For as my heart is love, love not in me,So beauty thou, beauty is not in thee.

Sweet sovereign, since so many minds remainObedient subjects at thy beauty's call,So many hearts bound in thy hairs as thrall,So many eyes die with one look's disdain,Go, seek the honour that doth thee pertain,That the Fifth Monarchy may thee befall!Thou hast such means to conquer men withal,As all the world must yield or else be slain.To fight, thou need'st no weapons but thine eyes,Thine hair hath gold enough to pay thy men,And for their food thy beauty will suffice;For men and armour, Lady, care have none;For one will sooner yield unto thee thenWhen he shall meet thee naked all alone.

When your perfections to my thoughts appear,They say among themselves, "O happy we,Whichever shall so rare an object see!"But happy heart, if thoughts less happy were!For their delights have cost my heart full dear,In whom of love a thousand causes be,And each cause breeds a thousand loves in me,And each love more than thousand hearts can bear.How can my heart so many loves then hold,Which yet by heaps increase from day to day?But like a ship that's o'ercharged with gold,Must either sink or hurl the gold away.But hurl not love; thou canst not, feeble heart;In thine own blood, thou therefore drowned art!

Fools be they that inveigh 'gainst Mahomet,Who's but a moral of love's monarchy.But a dull adamant, as straw by jet,He in an iron chest was drawn on high.In midst of Mecca's temple roof, some say,He now hangs without touch or stay at all.That Mahomet is she to whom I pray;May ne'er man pray so ineffectual!Mine eyes, love's strange exhaling adamants,Un'wares, to my heart's temple's height have wroughtThe iron idol that compassion wants,Who my oft tears and travails sets at nought.Iron hath been transformed to gold by art;Her face, limbs, flesh and all, gold; save her heart.

Ready to seek out death in my disgrace,My mistress 'gan to smooth her gathered brows,Whereby I am reprieved for a space.O hope and fear! who half your torments knows?It is some mercy in a black-mouthed judgeTo haste his prisoner's end, if he must die.Dear, if all other favour you shall grudge,Do speedy execution with your eye;With one sole look you leave in me no soul!Count it a loss to lose a faithful slave.Would God, that I might hear my last bell toll,So in your bosom I might dig a grave!Doubtful delay is worse than any fever,Or help me soon, or cast me off for ever!

Each day, new proofs of new despair I find,That is, new deaths. No marvel then, though IMake exile my last help; to th'end mine eyeShould not behold the death to me assigned.Not that from death absence might save my mind,But that it might take death more patiently;Like him, the which by judge condemned to die,To suffer with more ease, his eyes doth blind.Your lips in scarlet clad, my judges be,Pronouncing sentence of eternal "No!"Despair, the hangman that tormenteth me;The death I suffer is the life I have.For only life doth make me die in woe,And only death I for my pardon crave.

The richest relic Rome did ever viewWas' Caesar's tomb; on which, with cunning hand,Jove's triple honours, the three fair Graces, stand,Telling his virtues in their virtues true.This Rome admired; but dearest dear, in youDwelleth the wonder of the happiest land,And all the world to Neptune's furthest strand,For what Rome shaped hath living life in you.Thy naked beauty, bounteously displayed,Enricheth monarchies of hearts with love;Thine eyes to hear complaints are open laid;Thine eyes' kind looks requite all pains I prove;That of my death I dare not thee accuse;But pride in me that baser chance refuse.

Why thus unjustly, say, my cruel fate,Dost thou adjudge my luckless eyes and heart,The one to live exiled from that sweet smart,Where th' other pines, imprisoned without date?My luckless eyes must never more debateOf those bright beams that eased my love apart;And yet my heart, bound to them with love's dart,Must there dwell ever to bemoan my state.O had mine eyes been suffered there to rest,Often they had my heart's unquiet eased;Or had my heart with banishment been blest,Mine eye with beauty never had been pleased!But since these cross effects hath fortune wrought,Dwell, heart, with her; eyes, view her in my thought!

Hope, like the hyaena, coming to be old,Alters his shape, is turned into despair.Pity my hoary hopes, Maid of clear mould!Think not that frowns can ever make thee fair.What harm is it to kiss, to laugh, to play?Beauty's no blossom, if it be not used.Sweet dalliance keeps the wrinkles long away;Repentance follows them that have refused.To bring you to the knowledge of your good,I seek, I sue. O try and then believe!Each image can be chaste that's carved of wood.You show you live, when men you do relieve.Iron with wearing shines; rust wasteth treasure.On earth but love there is no other pleasure.

Words in this poem 24
needs adv.
Of necessity; necessarily; indispensably; -- often with must, and equivalent to of need. [Orig. gen. of need, used as an adverb. Cf. - wards.]
forego v. t.
To quit; to relinquish; to leave. [See Forgo.]
intend v. t.
To stretch' to extend; to distend. [OE. entenden to be attentive, F. entendre, fr. L. intendre, intentum, and intensum, to intend, attend, stretch out, extend; pref. in- in + tendere to stretch, s]
crave v. t.
To ask with earnestness or importunity; to ask with submission or humility; to beg; to entreat; to beseech; to implore. [AS. crafian; akin to Icel. krefia, Sw. kr, Dan. kr.]
honour n.
Esteem due or paid to worth; high estimation; respect; consideration; reverence; veneration; manifestation of respect or reverence. [OE. honor, honour, onour, onur, OF. honor, onor, honur, onur, honour, onour, F. honneur, fr. L. honor, honos.]
hast
, 2d pers. sing. pres. of. Fave, contr. of havest.
withal adv.
With this; with that. [With + all.]
suffice v. i.
To be enough, or sufficient; to meet the need (of anything); to be equal to the end proposed; to be adequate. [OE. suffisen, OF. soufire, F. suffire (cf. suffisant, p.pr.), L. sufficere to put under, to substitute, to avail for, to suffice; sub under + facere to make. Se]
armour n.
Defensive arms for the body; any clothing or covering worn to protect one's person in battle. [OE. armure, fr. F. armure, OF. armeure, fr. L. armatura. See Armature.]
shall v. i.
To owe; to be under obligation for. [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen,]
whichever pron.
Whether one or another; whether one or the other; which; that one (of two or more) which; as, whichever road you take, it will lead you to town.
idol n.
An image or representation of anything. [OE. idole, F. idole, L. idolum, fr. Gr. Wit, and cf. Eidolon.]
favour n.
Kind regard; propitious aspect; countenance; friendly disposition; kindness; good will. [Written also favour.]
patiently adv.
In a patient manner.
clad v.
To clothe. Holland.
admired a.
Regarded with wonder and delight; highly prized; as, an admired poem.
luckless a.
Being without luck; unpropitious; unfortunate; unlucky; meeting with ill success or bad fortune; as, a luckless gamester; a luckless maid.
dwell v. i.
To delay; to linger. [OE. dwellen, dwelien, to err, linger, AS. dwellan to deceive, hinder, delay, dwelian to err; akin to Icel. dvelja to delay, tarry, Sw. dväljas to dwell, Dan. dv]
bemoan v. t.
To express deep grief for by moaning; to express sorrow for; to lament; to bewail; to pity or sympathize with. [OE. bimenen, AS. bem; pref. be- + m to moan. See Moan.]
unquiet v. t.
To disquiet. Ld. Herbert. [1st pref. un- + quiet.]
hoary a.
White or whitish."The hoary willows."
mould n.
Crumbling, soft, friable earth; esp., earth containing the remains or constituents of organic matter, and suited to the growth of plants; soil. [OE. molde, AS. molde; akin to D. mul, G. mull, mulm, OHG. molt, molta, Icel. mold, Dan. muld, Sw. mull, Goth. mulda, and E. meal flour. See Meal, and cf. Mole a]
dalliance n.
The act of dallying, trifling, or fondling; interchange of caresses; wanton play. [From Dally.]
relieve v. t.
To lift up; to raise again, as one who has fallen; to cause to rise. Piers Plowman. [OE. releven, F. relever to raise again, discharge, relieve, fr. L. relevare to lift up, raise, make light, relieve; pref. re- re- + levare to raise, fr. levis l]

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

The Fourth Decade is in the public domain. This text is taken from Elizabethan Sonnet-Cycles: Delia - Diana, Project Gutenberg ebook #18842; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: Samuel Daniel, The Fourth Decade, in Delia, with Constable's Diana (1592), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #18842, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/daniel-delia/the-fourth-decade.html, id L02787.

Form and metre

The Fourth Decade is 126 lines in 9 stanzas of 14 lines each. Every stanza rhymes ABABCDCDEFEFGG, the English sonnet. The metre is iambic pentameter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 88%). 94% of its stressed syllables fall where the metre puts the beat. The lines average 10.0 syllables. 8 lines end on an unstressed syllable, a feminine ending. 10% of the lines run on without a stop at the line end.

See other English sonnets, other poems in iambic pentameter.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 1 ABABCDCDEFEFGG loveA · woeB · showA · proveB · moveC · noD · foregoC · removeD · intendE · stillF · commendE · willF · meG · theeG
  2. 2 ABABCDCDEFEFGG remainA · callB · thrallA · disdainB · pertainC · befallD · withalC · slainD · eyesE · menF · sufficeE · noneF · thenG · aloneG
  3. 3 ABABCDCDEFEFGG appearA · weB · seeA · wereB · dearC · beD · meC · bearD · holdE · dayF · goldE · awayF · heartG · artG
  4. 4 ABABCDCDEFEFGG mahometA · monarchyB · jetA · highB · sayC · allD · prayC · ineffectualD · adamantsE · wroughtF · wantsE · noughtF · artG · heartG
  5. 5 ABABCDCDEFEFGG disgraceA · browsB · spaceA · knowsB · judgeC · dieD · grudgeC · eyeD · soulE · slaveF · tollE · graveF · feverG · everG
  6. 6 ABABCDCDEFEFGG findA · iB · eyeA · assignedB · mindC · patientlyD · dieC · blindD · beE · noF · meE · haveF · woeG · craveG
  7. 7 ABABCDCDEFEFGG viewA · handB · standA · trueB · youC · landD · strandC · youD · displayedE · loveF · laidE · proveF · accuseG · refuseG
  8. 8 ABABCDCDEFEFGG fateA · heartB · smartA · dateB · debateC · apartD · dartC · stateD · restE · easedF · blestE · pleasedF · wroughtG · thoughtG
  9. 9 ABABCDCDEFEFGG oldA · despairB · mouldA · fairB · playC · usedD · awayC · refusedD · goodE · believeF · woodE · relieveF · treasureG · pleasureG
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against iambic pentameter. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
Needs must I leave and yet needs must I love;10··········
In vain my wit doth tell in verse my woe;10··········
Despair in me, disdain in thee, doth show10˘/··˘/····
How by my wit I do my folly prove.10·······/˘·
All this my heart from love can never move.10·······/˘·
Love is not in my heart. No, Lady, no,10·······/˘·
My heart is love itself. Till I forego10····˘/··˘/
My heart I never can my love remove.10···/˘···˘/
How can I then leave love? I do intend10········˘/
Not to crave grace, but yet to wish it still;10··········
Not to praise thee, but beauty to commend;10·····/˘·˘/
And so, by beauty's praise, praise thee I will;10···/˘·····
For as my heart is love, love not in me,10··········
So beauty thou, beauty is not in thee.10·/˘·/˘····
Sweet sovereign, since so many minds remain10·/˘··/˘·˘/
Obedient subjects at thy beauty's call,10˘/˘/˘··/˘·
So many hearts bound in thy hairs as thrall,10·/˘·······
So many eyes die with one look's disdain,10·/˘·····˘/
Go, seek the honour that doth thee pertain,10···/˘···˘/
That the Fifth Monarchy may thee befall!10···/˘˘··˘/
Thou hast such means to conquer men withal,10·····/˘·˘/
As all the world must yield or else be slain.10··········
To fight, thou need'st no weapons but thine eyes,10·····/˘···
Thine hair hath gold enough to pay thy men,10····˘/····
And for their food thy beauty will suffice;10·····/˘·˘/
For men and armour, Lady, care have none;10···/˘/˘···
For one will sooner yield unto thee then10···/˘·····
When he shall meet thee naked all alone.10·····/˘·˘/
When your perfections to my thoughts appear,10··˘/˘···˘/
They say among themselves, "O happy we,10····˘/·/˘·
Whichever shall so rare an object see!"10˘/˘····/˘·
But happy heart, if thoughts less happy were!10·/˘····/˘·
For their delights have cost my heart full dear,10··˘/······
In whom of love a thousand causes be,10·····/˘/˘·
And each cause breeds a thousand loves in me,10·····/˘···
And each love more than thousand hearts can bear.10·····/˘···
How can my heart so many loves then hold,10·····/˘···
Which yet by heaps increase from day to day?10····˘/····
But like a ship that's o'ercharged with gold,10·······˘··
Must either sink or hurl the gold away.10·/˘·····˘/
But hurl not love; thou canst not, feeble heart;10·······/˘·
In thine own blood, thou therefore drowned art!10········˘·
Fools be they that inveigh 'gainst Mahomet,10····˘/····
Who's but a moral of love's monarchy.10···/˘··/˘˘
But a dull adamant, as straw by jet,10···/˘˘····
He in an iron chest was drawn on high.10···/˘·····
In midst of Mecca's temple roof, some say,10···/˘/˘···
He now hangs without touch or stay at all.10··········
That Mahomet is she to whom I pray;10··········
May ne'er man pray so ineffectual!10······˘/˘˘
Mine eyes, love's strange exhaling adamants,10····˘/˘/˘˘
Un'wares, to my heart's temple's height have wrought10˘/···/˘···
The iron idol that compassion wants,10·/˘/˘·˘/˘·
Who my oft tears and travails sets at nought.10·····˘/···
Iron hath been transformed to gold by art;10/˘··˘/····
Her face, limbs, flesh and all, gold; save her heart.10··········
Ready to seek out death in my disgrace,10/˘······˘/
My mistress 'gan to smooth her gathered brows,10·/˘····/˘·
Whereby I am reprieved for a space.10····˘/˘···
O hope and fear! who half your torments knows?10·······/··
It is some mercy in a black-mouthed judge10···/˘·····
To haste his prisoner's end, if he must die.10···/˘·····
Dear, if all other favour you shall grudge,10···/˘/˘···
Do speedy execution with your eye;10·/˘·˘/˘···
With one sole look you leave in me no soul!10··········
Count it a loss to lose a faithful slave.10·······/˘·
Would God, that I might hear my last bell toll,10··········
So in your bosom I might dig a grave!10···/˘·····
Doubtful delay is worse than any fever,11/˘˘/···/˘/˘
Or help me soon, or cast me off for ever!11·········/˘
Each day, new proofs of new despair I find,10······˘/··
That is, new deaths. No marvel then, though I10·····/˘···
Make exile my last help; to th'end mine eye10·/········
Should not behold the death to me assigned.10··˘/····˘/
Not that from death absence might save my mind,10····/˘····
But that it might take death more patiently;10·······/˘˘
Like him, the which by judge condemned to die,10······˘/··
To suffer with more ease, his eyes doth blind.10·/˘·······
Your lips in scarlet clad, my judges be,10···/˘··/˘·
Pronouncing sentence of eternal "No!"10˘/˘/˘·˘/˘·
Despair, the hangman that tormenteth me;10˘/·/˘·/·˘·
The death I suffer is the life I have.10···/˘·····
For only life doth make me die in woe,10·/˘·······
And only death I for my pardon crave.10·/˘····/˘·
The richest relic Rome did ever view10·/˘/˘··/˘·
Was' Caesar's tomb; on which, with cunning hand,10·/˘····/˘·
Jove's triple honours, the three fair Graces, stand,11·/˘/˘···/˘·
Telling his virtues in their virtues true.10/˘·/˘··/˘·
This Rome admired; but dearest dear, in you10··˘/·/˘···
Dwelleth the wonder of the happiest land,10/˘·/˘··/˘·
And all the world to Neptune's furthest strand,10·····/˘/˘·
For what Rome shaped hath living life in you.10·····/˘···
Thy naked beauty, bounteously displayed,10·/˘/˘···˘/
Enricheth monarchies of hearts with love;10˘/˘/˘˘····
Thine eyes to hear complaints are open laid;10····˘/·/˘·
Thine eyes' kind looks requite all pains I prove;10····/˘····
That of my death I dare not thee accuse;10········˘/
But pride in me that baser chance refuse.10·····/˘·˘/
Why thus unjustly, say, my cruel fate,10··˘/˘··/˘·
Dost thou adjudge my luckless eyes and heart,10··˘/·/˘···
The one to live exiled from that sweet smart,10····/·····
Where th' other pines, imprisoned without date?10·/˘·˘/˘···
My luckless eyes must never more debate10·/˘··/˘·˘/
Of those bright beams that eased my love apart;10········˘/
And yet my heart, bound to them with love's dart,10··········
Must there dwell ever to bemoan my state.10···/˘·˘/··
O had mine eyes been suffered there to rest,10·····/˘···
Often they had my heart's unquiet eased;10/˘····˘/˘·
Or had my heart with banishment been blest,10·····/˘˘··
Mine eye with beauty never had been pleased!10···/˘/˘···
But since these cross effects hath fortune wrought,10····˘/·/˘·
Dwell, heart, with her; eyes, view her in my thought!10··········
Hope, like the hyaena, coming to be old,10·····/˘···
Alters his shape, is turned into despair.10/˘······˘/
Pity my hoary hopes, Maid of clear mould!10/˘·/˘·····
Think not that frowns can ever make thee fair.10·····/˘···
What harm is it to kiss, to laugh, to play?10··········
Beauty's no blossom, if it be not used.10/˘·/˘·····
Sweet dalliance keeps the wrinkles long away;10·/˘··/˘·˘/
Repentance follows them that have refused.10˘/˘/˘···˘/
To bring you to the knowledge of your good,10·····/˘···
I seek, I sue. O try and then believe!10········˘/
Each image can be chaste that's carved of wood.10·/˘·······
You show you live, when men you do relieve.10········˘/
Iron with wearing shines; rust wasteth treasure.11/˘·/˘··/˘/˘
On earth but love there is no other pleasure.11·······/˘/˘

The reader shows the same poem with its rhymes coloured and a stress row above each line, the notes beside their stanzas, and any word's definition on a tap; the analysis page takes the whole book apart. How every part of this site was made.

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