Heritage

Countee Cullen (1903–1946) · 1925

trochaic tetrameter · rhyming couplets · 128 lines · from Color

What is Africa to me:Copper sun or scarlet sea,Jungle star or jungle track,Strong bronzed men, or regal blackWomen from whose loins I sprangWhen the birds of Eden sang?One three centuries removedFrom the scenes his fathers loved,Spicy grove, cinnamon tree,What is Africa to me?

So I lie, who all day longWant no sound except the songSung by wild barbaric birdsGoading massive jungle herds,Juggernauts of flesh that passTrampling tall defiant grassWhere young forest lovers lie,Plighting troth beneath the sky.So I lie, who always hear,Though I cram against my earBoth my thumbs, and keep them there,Great drums throbbing through the air.So I lie, whose fount of pride,Dear distress, and joy allied,Is my somber flesh and skin,With the dark blood dammed withinLike great pulsing tides of wineThat, I fear, must burst the fineChannels of the chafing netWhere they surge and foam and fret.

Africa? A book one thumbsListlessly, till slumber comes.Unremembered are her batsCircling through the night, her catsCrouching in the river reeds,Stalking gentle flesh that feedsBy the river brink; no moreDoes the bugle-throated roarCry that monarch claws have leaptFrom the scabbards where they slept.Silver snakes that once a yearDoff the lovely coats you wear,Seek no covert in your fearLest a mortal eye should see;What’s your nakedness to me?Here no leprous flowers rearFierce corollas in the air;Here no bodies sleek and wet,Dripping mingled rain and sweat,Tread the savage measures ofJungle boys and girls in love.What is last year’s snow to me,Last year’s anything? The treeBudding yearly must forgetHow its past arose or set--Bough and blossom, flower, fruit,Even what shy bird with muteWonder at her travail there,Meekly labored in its hair.One three centuries removedFrom the scenes his fathers loved,Spicy grove, cinnamon tree,What is Africa to me?

So I lie, who find no peaceNight or day, no slight releaseFrom the unremittant beatMade by cruel padded feetWalking through my body’s street.Up and down they go, and back,Treading out a jungle track.So I lie, who never quiteSafely sleep from rain at night--I can never rest at allWhen the rain begins to fall;Like a soul gone mad with painI must match its weird refrain;Ever must I twist and squirm,Writhing like a baited worm,While its primal measures dripThrough my body, crying, “Strip!Doff this new exuberance.Come and dance the Lover’s Dance!”In an old remembered wayRain works on me night and day.

Quaint, outlandish heathen godsBlack men fashion out of rods,Clay, and brittle bits of stone,In a likeness like their own,My conversion came high-priced;I belong to Jesus Christ,Preacher of humility;Heathen gods are naught to me.

Father, Son, and Holy Ghost,So I make an idle boast;Jesus of the twice-turned cheek,Lamb of God, although I speakWith my mouth thus, in my heartDo I play a double part.Ever at Thy glowing altarMust my heart grow sick and falter,Wishing He I served were black,Thinking then it would not lackPrecedent of pain to guide it,Let who would or might deride it;Surely then this flesh would knowYours had borne a kindred woe.Lord, I fashion dark gods, too,Daring even to give YouDark despairing features where,Crowned with dark rebellious hair,Patience wavers just so much asMortal grief compels, while touchesQuick and hot, of anger, riseTo smitten cheek and weary eyes.Lord, forgive me if my needSometimes shapes a human creed.

All day long and all night through,One thing only must I do:Quench my pride and cool my blood,Lest I perish in the flood.Lest a hidden ember setTimber that I thought was wetBurning like the dryest flax,Melting like the merest wax,Lest the grave restore its dead.Not yet has my heart or headIn the least way realizedThey and I are civilized.

Words in this poem 21
jungle n.
A dense growth of brushwood, grasses, reeds, vines, etc.; an almost impenetrable thicket of trees, canes, and reedy vegetation, as in India, Africa, Australia, and Brazil. [Hind. jangal desert, forest, jungle; Skr. ja desert.]
eden n.
The garden where Adam and Eve first dwelt; hence, a delightful region or residence. [Heb. eden delight, pleasure; also, a place of pleasure, Eden.]
barbaric a.
Of, or from, barbarian nations; foreign; -- often with reference to barbarous nations of east. [L. barbaricus foreign, barbaric, Gr. .]
defiant a.
Full of defiance; bold; insolent; as, a defiant spirit or act. [Cf. F. défiant, p. pr. of défier. See Defy.]
troth n.
Belief; faith; fidelity. [A variant of truth. See Truth.]
brink n.
The edge, margin, or border of a steep place, as of a precipice; a bank or edge, as of a river or pit; a verge; a border; as, the brink of a chasm. Also Fig. [Dan. brink edge, verge; akin to Sw. brink declivity, hill, Icel. brekka; cf. LG. brink a grassy hill, W. bryn hill, bryncyn hillock.]
doff v. t.
To put off, as dress; to divest one's self of; hence, figuratively, to put or thrust away; to rid one's self of. And made us doff our easy robes of peace. [Do + off. See Do, v. t., 7.]
nakedness n.
The condition of being naked.
dripping n.
A falling in drops, or the sound so made.
meekly adv.
In a meek manner.
squirm v. i.
To twist about briskly with contor [Cf. Swarm to climb a tree.]
primal a.
First; primary; original; chief. [LL. primalis, fr. L. primus the first. See Prime, a.]
drip v. i.
To fall in drops; as, water drips from the eaves. [Akin to LG. drippen, Dan. dryppe, from a noun. See Drop.]
quaint a.
Prudent; wise; hence, crafty; artful; wily. [OE. queint, queynte, coint, prudent, wise, cunning, pretty, odd, OF. cointe cultivated, amiable, agreeable, neat, fr. L. cognitus known, p. p. of cognoscere to ]
outlandish a.
Foreign; not native. [AS. foreign. See Out, Land, and -ish.]
ghost n.
The spirit; the soul of man. [OE. gast, gost, soul, spirit, AS. gast breath, spirit, soul; akin to OS. g spirit, soul, D. geest, G. geist, and prob. to E. gaze, ghastly.]
falter v. t.
To thrash in the chaff; also, to cleanse or sift, as barley.
deride v. t.
To laugh at with contempt; to laugh to scorn; to turn to ridicule or make sport of; to mock; to scoff at. [L. deridere, derisum; de- + rid to laugh. See Ridicule.]
despairing a.
Feeling or expressing despair; hopeless.
rebellious a.
Engaged in rebellion; disposed to rebel of the nature of rebels or of rebellion; resisting government or lawful authority by force.
ember n.
A lighted coal, smoldering amid ashes; -- used chiefly in the plural, to signify mingled coals and ashes; the smoldering remains of a fire. [OE. emmeres, emeres, AS. ; akin to Icel. eimyrja, Dan. emmer, MHG. eimere; cf. Icel. eimr vapor, smoke.]

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

Heritage is in the public domain. This text is taken from Color, Project Gutenberg ebook #70543; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: Countee Cullen, Heritage, in Color (1925), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #70543, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/cullen-color/heritage.html, id L01435.

Form and metre

Heritage is 128 lines in 7 verse paragraphs. It is in rhyming couplets, 84% of the lines. The metre is trochaic tetrameter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 92%). 95% of its stressed syllables fall where the metre puts the beat. The lines average 7.2 syllables. 12 lines end on an unstressed syllable, a feminine ending. 41% of the lines run on without a stop at the line end.

See other poems in rhyming couplets, other poems in trochaic tetrameter.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 1 AABBCC--AA meA · seaA · trackB · blackB · sprangC · sangC · removed · loved · treeA · meA
  2. 2 AABBCCDDEEFFGGHHIIJJ longA · songA · birdsB · herdsB · passC · grassC · lieD · skyD · hearE · earE · thereF · airF · prideG · alliedG · skinH · withinH · wineI · fineI · netJ · fretJ
  3. 3 AABBCCDDEEFFFGGFFHHIIJJKKLLMM--NN thumbsA · comesA · batsB · catsB · reedsC · feedsC · moreD · roarD · leaptE · sleptE · yearF · wearF · fearF · seeG · meG · rearF · airF · wetH · sweatH · ofI · loveI · meJ · treeJ · forgetK · setK · fruitL · muteL · thereM · hairM · removed · loved · treeN · meN
  4. 4 AABBBCCDDEEFFGGHHIIJJ peaceA · releaseA · beatB · feetB · streetB · backC · trackC · quiteD · nightD · allE · fallE · painF · refrainF · squirmG · wormG · dripH · stripH · exuberanceI · danceI · wayJ · dayJ
  5. 5 AABBCC-- godsA · rodsA · stoneB · ownB · pricedC · christC · humility · me
  6. 6 AABBCCDDEEFFGGHHIIJJKKLL ghostA · boastA · cheekB · speakB · heartC · partC · altarD · falterD · blackE · lackE · itF · itF · knowG · woeG · tooH · youH · whereI · hairI · asJ · touchesJ · riseK · eyesK · needL · creedL
  7. 7 AABBCCDDEEFF throughA · doA · bloodB · floodB · setC · wetC · flaxD · waxD · deadE · headE · realizedF · civilizedF
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against trochaic tetrameter. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
What is Africa to me:7··/˘˘··
Copper sun or scarlet sea,7/˘··/˘·
Jungle star or jungle track,7/˘··/˘·
Strong bronzed men, or regal black8··˘··/˘·
Women from whose loins I sprang7/˘·····
When the birds of Eden sang?7····/˘·
One three centuries removed8··/˘˘˘/˘
From the scenes his fathers loved,8····/˘·˘
Spicy grove, cinnamon tree,7/˘·/˘˘·
What is Africa to me?7··/˘˘··
So I lie, who all day long7·······
Want no sound except the song7·······
Sung by wild barbaric birds7···˘/˘·
Goading massive jungle herds,7/˘/˘/˘·
Juggernauts of flesh that pass7/˘·····
Trampling tall defiant grass7/˘·˘/˘·
Where young forest lovers lie,7··/˘/˘·
Plighting troth beneath the sky.7/˘·····
So I lie, who always hear,7····/··
Though I cram against my ear7·······
Both my thumbs, and keep them there,7·······
Great drums throbbing through the air.7··/˘···
So I lie, whose fount of pride,7·······
Dear distress, and joy allied,7·˘/··˘/
Is my somber flesh and skin,7··/˘···
With the dark blood dammed within8·····˘··
Like great pulsing tides of wine7··/˘···
That, I fear, must burst the fine7·······
Channels of the chafing net7/˘··/˘·
Where they surge and foam and fret.7·······
Africa? A book one thumbs7/˘˘····
Listlessly, till slumber comes.7/˘˘·/˘·
Unremembered are her bats8····˘···
Circling through the night, her cats8/˘˘·····
Crouching in the river reeds,7/˘··/˘·
Stalking gentle flesh that feeds7/˘/˘···
By the river brink; no more7··/˘···
Does the bugle-throated roar7··/˘/˘·
Cry that monarch claws have leapt7··/····
From the scabbards where they slept.7··/˘···
Silver snakes that once a year7/˘·····
Doff the lovely coats you wear,7··/˘···
Seek no covert in your fear7··/˘···
Lest a mortal eye should see;7··/˘···
What’s your nakedness to me?7··/˘˘··
Here no leprous flowers rear7··/˘/˘·
Fierce corollas in the air;7·˘/˘···
Here no bodies sleek and wet,7··/˘···
Dripping mingled rain and sweat,8/˘/˘˘···
Tread the savage measures of7··/˘/˘·
Jungle boys and girls in love.7/˘·····
What is last year’s snow to me,7·······
Last year’s anything? The tree7··/˘···
Budding yearly must forget7/˘/˘·˘/
How its past arose or set--7···˘/··
Bough and blossom, flower, fruit,7··/˘/˘·
Even what shy bird with mute7/˘·····
Wonder at her travail there,7/˘··˘/·
Meekly labored in its hair.8/˘/˘˘···
One three centuries removed8··/˘˘˘/˘
From the scenes his fathers loved,8····/˘·˘
Spicy grove, cinnamon tree,7/˘·/˘˘·
What is Africa to me?7··/˘˘··
So I lie, who find no peace7·······
Night or day, no slight release7·····˘/
From the unremittant beat7·······
Made by cruel padded feet7··/˘/˘·
Walking through my body’s street.7/˘··/˘·
Up and down they go, and back,7·······
Treading out a jungle track.7/˘··/˘·
So I lie, who never quite7····/˘·
Safely sleep from rain at night--7/˘·····
I can never rest at all7··/˘···
When the rain begins to fall;7···˘/··
Like a soul gone mad with pain7·······
I must match its weird refrain;7·····˘/
Ever must I twist and squirm,7/˘·····
Writhing like a baited worm,7/˘··/˘·
While its primal measures drip7··/˘/˘·
Through my body, crying, “Strip!7··/˘/˘·
Doff this new exuberance.7···˘/˘˘
Come and dance the Lover’s Dance!”7····/˘·
In an old remembered way8···˘/˘˘·
Rain works on me night and day.7·······
Quaint, outlandish heathen gods7·˘/˘/˘·
Black men fashion out of rods,7··/˘···
Clay, and brittle bits of stone,7··/˘···
In a likeness like their own,7··/˘···
My conversion came high-priced;8·˘/˘···˘
I belong to Jesus Christ,7·˘/·/˘·
Preacher of humility;7/˘·˘/˘˘
Heathen gods are naught to me.7/˘·····
Father, Son, and Holy Ghost,7/˘··/˘·
So I make an idle boast;7····/˘·
Jesus of the twice-turned cheek,8/˘····˘·
Lamb of God, although I speak7·······
With my mouth thus, in my heart7·······
Do I play a double part.7····/˘·
Ever at Thy glowing altar8/˘··/˘/˘
Must my heart grow sick and falter,8······/˘
Wishing He I served were black,8/˘···˘··
Thinking then it would not lack7/˘·····
Precedent of pain to guide it,8/˘˘·····
Let who would or might deride it;8·····˘/·
Surely then this flesh would know7/˘·····
Yours had borne a kindred woe.8····/˘˘·
Lord, I fashion dark gods, too,7··/˘···
Daring even to give You7/˘/˘···
Dark despairing features where,7·˘/˘/˘·
Crowned with dark rebellious hair,8·˘··˘/˘·
Patience wavers just so much as8/˘/˘····
Mortal grief compels, while touches8/˘·˘/·/˘
Quick and hot, of anger, rise7····/˘·
To smitten cheek and weary eyes.8·/˘··/˘·
Lord, forgive me if my need7·˘/····
Sometimes shapes a human creed.7/···/˘·
All day long and all night through,7·······
One thing only must I do:7··/˘···
Quench my pride and cool my blood,7·······
Lest I perish in the flood.7··/˘···
Lest a hidden ember set7··/˘/˘·
Timber that I thought was wet7/˘·····
Burning like the dryest flax,6/˘····
Melting like the merest wax,7/˘··/˘·
Lest the grave restore its dead.7···˘/··
Not yet has my heart or head7·······
In the least way realized7····/·˘
They and I are civilized.8····/˘·˘

The reader shows the same poem with its rhymes coloured and a stress row above each line, the notes beside their stanzas, and any word's definition on a tap; the analysis page takes the whole book apart. How every part of this site was made.

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