Part I

Anonymous (about 900), translated by Francis B. Gummere · 1910

iambic pentameter · unrhymed · 62 lines · from Beowulf

Now Beowulf bode in the burg of the Scyldings,leader beloved, and long he ruledin fame with all folk, since his father had goneaway from the world, till awoke an heir,haughty Healfdene, who held through life,sage and sturdy, the Scyldings glad.Then, one after one, there woke to him,to the chieftain of clansmen, children four:Heorogar, then Hrothgar, then Halga brave;and I heard that -- was -- 's queen,the Heathoscylfing's helpmate dear.To Hrothgar was given such glory of war,such honor of combat, that all his kinobeyed him gladly till great grew his bandof youthful comrades. It came in his mindto bid his henchmen a hall uprear,a master mead-house, mightier farthan ever was seen by the sons of earth,and within it, then, to old and younghe would all allot that the Lord had sent him,save only the land and the lives of his men.Wide, I heard, was the work commanded,for many a tribe this mid-earth round,to fashion the folkstead. It fell, as he ordered,in rapid achievement that ready it stood there,of halls the noblest: Heorot he named itwhose message had might in many a land.Not reckless of promise, the rings he dealt,treasure at banquet: there towered the hall,high, gabled wide, the hot surge waitingof furious flame. Nor far was that daywhen father and son-in-law stood in feudfor warfare and hatred that woke again.With envy and anger an evil spiritendured the dole in his dark abode,that he heard each day the din of revelhigh in the hall: there harps rang out,clear song of the singer. He sang who knewtales of the early time of man,how the Almighty made the earth,fairest fields enfolded by water,set, triumphant, sun and moonfor a light to lighten the land-dwellers,and braided bright the breast of earthwith limbs and leaves, made life for allof mortal beings that breathe and move.So lived the clansmen in cheer and revela winsome life, till one beganto fashion evils, that field of hell.Grendel this monster grim was called,march-riever mighty, in moorland living,in fen and fastness; fief of the giantsthe hapless wight a while had keptsince the Creator his exile doomed.On kin of Cain was the killing avengedby sovran God for slaughtered Abel.Ill fared his feud, and far was he driven,for the slaughter's sake, from sight of men.Of Cain awoke all that woful breed,Etins and elves and evil-spirits,as well as the giants that warred with Godweary while: but their wage was paid them!

Words in this poem 17
bode n.
An omen; a foreshadowing.
burg n.
A fortified town. [AS. burh, burg, cf. LL. burgus. See 1st Borough.]
folk n.
In Anglo-Saxon times, the people of a group of townships or villages; a community; a tribe. [AS. folc; akin to D. volk, OS. & OHG. folk, G. volk, Icel. f, Sw. & Dan. folk, Lith. pulkas crowd, and perh. to E. follow.]
haughty a.
High; lofty; bold. [OE. hautein, F. hautain, fr. haut high, OF. also halt, fr. L. altus. See Altitude.]
helpmate n.
A helper; a companion; specifically, a wife. [A corruption of the "help meet for him" of Genesis ii. 18.Fitzedward Hall.]
gladly adv.
Preferably; by choice. [From Glad, a.]
uprear v. t.
To raise; to erect.
towered a.
Adorned or defended by towers.
abode n.
Act of waiting; delay. [OE. abad, abood, fr. abiden to abide. See Abide. For the change of vowel, cf. abode, imp. of abide.]
winsome a.
Cheerful; merry; gay; light-hearted. [AS. wynsum, fr. wynn joy; akin to OS. wunnia, OHG. wunna, wunni, G. wonne, Goth. wunan to rejoice (in unwunands sad), AS. wunian to dwell. Win, v. t., Wont, a.]
moorland n.
Land consisting of a moor or moors. [AS. morland.]
fastness n.
The state of being fast and firm; firmness; fixedness; security; faithfulness. [AS. fæstnes, fr. fæst fast. See Fast, a.]
hapless a.
Without hap or luck; luckless; unfortunate; unlucky; unhappy; as, hapless youth; hapless maid.
wight n.
A whit; a bit; a jot. [OE. wight, wiht, a wight, a whit, AS. wiht, wuht, a creature, a thing; skin to D. wicht a child, OS. & OHG. wiht a creature, thing, G. wicht a creature, Icel. v]
sovran a.
A variant of Sovereign.
woful a.
Full of woe; sorrowful; distressed with grief or calamity; afflicted; wretched; unhappy; sad.
wage v. i.
To bind one's self; to engage.

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

Part I is in the public domain. This text is taken from Beowulf, Project Gutenberg ebook #981, the Francis B. Gummere translation; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: Anonymous, Part I, in Beowulf (1910), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #981, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/beowulf/part-i.html, id L14189.

Form and metre

Part I is 62 lines in a single verse paragraph. It is unrhymed, as far as the pronouncing dictionary can tell. The metre is iambic pentameter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 78%). 86% of its stressed syllables fall where the metre puts the beat. The lines average 9.4 syllables. 13 lines end on an unstressed syllable, a feminine ending. 37% of the lines run on without a stop at the line end.

See other poems in iambic pentameter, other poems in blank verse.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 1 -------A---A---------------------B--B-------C-C-C-------DD---- scyldings · ruled · gone · heir · life · glad · him · fourA · brave · queen · dear · warA · kin · band · mind · uprear · far · earth · young · him · men · commanded · round · ordered · there · it · land · dealt · hall · waiting · day · feud · again · spiritB · abode · revel · outB · knew · man · earth · water · moon · dwellers · earth · allC · move · revelC · began · hellC · called · living · giants · kept · doomed · avenged · abel · drivenD · menD · breed · spirits · god · them
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against iambic pentameter. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
Now Beowulf bode in the burg of the Scyldings,12·/˘·········
leader beloved, and long he ruled8/˘˘/····
in fame with all folk, since his father had gone11·······/˘··
away from the world, till awoke an heir,10˘/····˘/··
haughty Healfdene, who held through life,8/˘······
sage and sturdy, the Scyldings glad.8··/˘····
Then, one after one, there woke to him,9·········
to the chieftain of clansmen, children four:10··/˘···/˘·
Heorogar, then Hrothgar, then Halga brave;10··········
and I heard that -- was -- 's queen,7·······
the Heathoscylfing's helpmate dear.8·····/˘·
To Hrothgar was given such glory of war,11····/˘·/˘··
such honor of combat, that all his kin10·/˘·/˘····
obeyed him gladly till great grew his band10˘/·/˘·····
of youthful comrades. It came in his mind10·/˘/······
to bid his henchmen a hall uprear,9···/˘··˘/
a master mead-house, mightier far9·/˘··/˘˘·
than ever was seen by the sons of earth,10·/˘·······
and within it, then, to old and young9·········
he would all allot that the Lord had sent him,11···˘/······
save only the land and the lives of his men.11·/˘········
Wide, I heard, was the work commanded,9······˘/˘
for many a tribe this mid-earth round,9·/˘······
to fashion the folkstead. It fell, as he ordered,12·/˘·······/˘
in rapid achievement that ready it stood there,12·/˘˘/˘·/˘···
of halls the noblest: Heorot he named it10···/˘·····
whose message had might in many a land.10·/˘···/˘··
Not reckless of promise, the rings he dealt,10·/˘·/˘····
treasure at banquet: there towered the hall,10/˘·/˘·/˘··
high, gabled wide, the hot surge waiting9·/˘····/˘
of furious flame. Nor far was that day10·/˘˘······
when father and son-in-law stood in feud10·/˘·······
for warfare and hatred that woke again.10·/··/˘··˘/
With envy and anger an evil spirit11·/˘·/˘·/˘/˘
endured the dole in his dark abode,9˘/·····˘/
that he heard each day the din of revel10········/˘
high in the hall: there harps rang out,8········
clear song of the singer. He sang who knew10····/˘····
tales of the early time of man,8···/˘···
how the Almighty made the earth,8··˘/˘···
fairest fields enfolded by water,9/˘·˘/˘·/˘
set, triumphant, sun and moon7·˘/˘···
for a light to lighten the land-dwellers,10····/˘··/˘
and braided bright the breast of earth8·/˘·····
with limbs and leaves, made life for all8········
of mortal beings that breathe and move.9·/˘/˘····
So lived the clansmen in cheer and revel10········/˘
a winsome life, till one began8·/˘···˘/
to fashion evils, that field of hell.9·/˘/˘····
Grendel this monster grim was called,8/˘·/˘···
march-riever mighty, in moorland living,10···/˘·/·/˘
in fen and fastness; fief of the giants10···/˘···/˘
the hapless wight a while had kept8·/˘·····
since the Creator his exile doomed.9··˘/˘·/··
On kin of Cain was the killing avenged10······/˘˘/
by sovran God for slaughtered Abel.9·/˘··/˘/˘
Ill fared his feud, and far was he driven,10········/˘
for the slaughter's sake, from sight of men.9··/˘·····
Of Cain awoke all that woful breed,9··˘/·····
Etins and elves and evil-spirits,9·····/˘/˘
as well as the giants that warred with God10····/˘····
weary while: but their wage was paid them!9/˘·······

The reader shows the same poem with its rhymes coloured and a stress row above each line, the notes beside their stanzas, and any word's definition on a tap; the analysis page takes the whole book apart. How every part of this site was made.

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