A Summer Night

Matthew Arnold (1822–1888) · 1849–1867

iambic pentameter · 92 lines · from Poems

In the deserted, moon-blanched street,How lonely rings the echo of my feet!Those windows, which I gaze at, frown,Silent and white, unopening down,Repellent as the world; but see,A break between the housetops showsThe moon! and lost behind her, fading dimInto the dewy dark obscurityDown at the far horizon’s rim,Doth a whole tract of heaven disclose!

And to my mind the thoughtIs on a sudden broughtOf a past night, and a far different scene.Headlands stood out into the moonlit deepAs clearly as at noon;The spring-tide’s brimming flowHeaved dazzlingly between;Houses, with long white sweep,Girdled the glistening bay;Behind, through the soft air,The blue haze-cradled mountains spread away.That night was far more fair--But the same restless pacings to and fro,And the same vainly throbbing heart was there,And the same bright, calm moon.

And the calm moonlight seems to say,--Hast thou, then, still the old unquiet breast,Which neither deadens into rest,Nor ever feels the fiery glowThat whirls the spirit from itself away,But fluctuates to and fro,Never by passion quite possessed,And never quite benumbed by the world’s sway?And I, I know not if to prayStill to be what I am, or yield, and beLike all the other men I see.

For most men in a brazen prison live,Where, in the sun’s hot eye,With heads bent o’er their toil, they languidlyTheir lives to some unmeaning task-work give,Dreaming of naught beyond their prison-wall.And as, year after year,Fresh products of their barren labor fallFrom their tired hands, and restNever yet comes more near,Gloom settles slowly down over their breast.And while they try to stemThe waves of mournful thought by which they are prest,Death in their prison reaches them,Unfreed, having seen nothing, still unblest.

And the rest, a few,Escape their prison, and departOn the wide ocean of life anew.There the freed prisoner, where’er his heartListeth, will sail;Nor doth he know how there prevail,Despotic on that sea,Trade-winds which cross it from eternity.Awhile he holds some false way, undebarredBy thwarting signs, and bravesThe freshening wind and blackening waves.And then the tempest strikes him; and betweenThe lightning-bursts is seenOnly a driving wreck,And the pale master on his spar-strewn deckWith anguished face and flying hair,Grasping the rudder hard,Still bent to make some port, he knows not where,Still standing for some false, impossible shore.And sterner comes the roarOf sea and wind; and through the deepening gloomFainter and fainter wreck and helmsman loom,And he too disappears, and comes no more.

Is there no life, but these alone?Madman or slave, must man be one?

Plainness and clearness without shadow of stain!Clearness divine!Ye heavens, whose pure dark regions have no signOf languor, though so calm, and though so greatAre yet untroubled and unpassionate;Who, though so noble, share in the world’s toil,And, though so tasked, keep free from dust and soil!I will not say that your mild deeps retainA tinge, it may be, of their silent painWho have longed deeply once, and longed in vain;But I will rather say that you remainA world above man’s head, to let him seeHow boundless might his soul’s horizons be,How vast, yet of what clear transparency!How it were good to live there, and breathe free;How fair a lot to fillIs left to each man still!

Words in this poem

repellent a.
Driving back; able or tending to repel. [L. repellens, -entis, p. pr.]
fading n.
An Irish dance; also, the burden of a song.
moonlit a.
Illumined by the moon.
brimming a.
Full to the brim; overflowing.
dazzlingly adv.
In a dazzling manner.
hast
, 2d pers. sing. pres. of. Fave, contr. of havest.
unquiet v. t.
To disquiet. Ld. Herbert. [1st pref. un- + quiet.]
prest a.
Ready; prompt; prepared. [OF. prest, F. prêt, fr. L. praestus ready. Cf. Presto.]
unblest a.
Not blest; excluded from benediction; hence, accursed; wretched. [Pref. un- not + blessed, blest.]
depart v. i.
To part; to divide; to separate. [OE. departen to divide, part, depart, F. départir to divide, distribute, se départir to separate one's self, depart; pref. dé- (L. de) + partir to part, depart,]
awhile adv.
For a while; for some time; for a short time. [Adj. a + while time, interval.]
sterner n.
A director. Dr. R. Clerke. [See 3d Stern.]
plainness n.
The quality or state of being plain.
unpassionate a.
Not passionate; dispassionate.

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

A Summer Night is in the public domain. This text is taken from Poems, Project Gutenberg ebook #54985; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: Matthew Arnold, A Summer Night, in Poems (1849–1867), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #54985, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/arnold-poems/a-summer-night.html, id L07053.

Form and metre

A Summer Night is 92 lines in 7 stanzas. The metre is iambic pentameter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 85%). 93% of its stressed syllables fall where the metre puts the beat. The lines average 8.4 syllables. 4 lines end on an unstressed syllable, a feminine ending. 33% of the lines run on without a stop at the line end.

See other poems in iambic pentameter.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 1 AABB-CD-DC streetA · feetA · frownB · downB · see · showsC · dimD · obscurity · rimD · discloseC
  2. 2 AABCDEBCFGFGEGD thoughtA · broughtA · sceneB · deepC · noonD · flowE · betweenB · sweepC · bayF · airG · awayF · fairG · froE · thereG · moonD
  3. 3 ABBCACBAADD sayA · breastB · restB · glowC · awayA · froC · possessedB · swayA · prayA · beD · seeD
  4. 4 A--ABCBDCDEDED liveA · eye · languidly · giveA · wallB · yearC · fallB · restD · nearC · breastD · stemE · prestD · themE · unblestD
  5. 5 ABABCC--DEEFFGGHDHIIJJI fewA · departB · anewA · heartB · sailC · prevailC · sea · eternity · undebarredD · bravesE · wavesE · betweenF · seenF · wreckG · deckG · hairH · hardD · whereH · shoreI · roarI · gloomJ · loomJ · moreI
  6. 7 ABB--CCAAAADD-DEE stainA · divineB · signB · great · unpassionate · toilC · soilC · retainA · painA · vainA · remainA · seeD · beD · transparency · freeD · fillE · stillE
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against iambic pentameter. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
In the deserted, moon-blanched street,8··˘/˘···
How lonely rings the echo of my feet!10·/˘··/˘···
Those windows, which I gaze at, frown,8·/˘·····
Silent and white, unopening down,9/˘·······
Repellent as the world; but see,8˘/˘·····
A break between the housetops shows9·········
The moon! and lost behind her, fading dim10·······/˘·
Into the dewy dark obscurity9···/˘·˘/˘
Down at the far horizon’s rim,8····˘/˘·
Doth a whole tract of heaven disclose!8·····/˘/
And to my mind the thought6······
Is on a sudden brought6···/˘·
Of a past night, and a far different scene.10·······/˘·
Headlands stood out into the moonlit deep10·······/··
As clearly as at noon;6·/˘···
The spring-tide’s brimming flow6···/˘·
Heaved dazzlingly between;7·˘/˘˘··
Houses, with long white sweep,6/˘····
Girdled the glistening bay;8/˘˘·/˘˘·
Behind, through the soft air,6······
The blue haze-cradled mountains spread away.10···/˘/˘·˘/
That night was far more fair--6······
But the same restless pacings to and fro,10···/˘/˘···
And the same vainly throbbing heart was there,10···/˘/˘···
And the same bright, calm moon.6······
And the calm moonlight seems to say,--8···/····
Hast thou, then, still the old unquiet breast,10······˘/˘·
Which neither deadens into rest,8·/˘/˘···
Nor ever feels the fiery glow8·/··/˘˘·
That whirls the spirit from itself away,9···/·˘/˘/
But fluctuates to and fro,7·/˘····
Never by passion quite possessed,8/˘·/˘·˘/
And never quite benumbed by the world’s sway?9·/·˘/····
And I, I know not if to pray8········
Still to be what I am, or yield, and be10··········
Like all the other men I see.8···/˘···
For most men in a brazen prison live,10·····/˘/˘·
Where, in the sun’s hot eye,6······
With heads bent o’er their toil, they languidly10··········
Their lives to some unmeaning task-work give,10····˘/˘···
Dreaming of naught beyond their prison-wall.10/˘·····/˘·
And as, year after year,6······
Fresh products of their barren labor fall10·/˘··/˘/˘·
From their tired hands, and rest8··/˘˘···
Never yet comes more near,6/˘····
Gloom settles slowly down over their breast.9·/˘/˘····
And while they try to stem6······
The waves of mournful thought by which they are prest,11···/˘······
Death in their prison reaches them,8···/˘/˘·
Unfreed, having seen nothing, still unblest.9·/˘·/˘···
And the rest, a few,5·····
Escape their prison, and depart8˘/·/˘·˘/
On the wide ocean of life anew.8···/··˘/
There the freed prisoner, where’er his heart10···/˘˘˘/··
Listeth, will sail;4/˘··
Nor doth he know how there prevail,8······˘/
Despotic on that sea,6˘/˘···
Trade-winds which cross it from eternity.9······˘/˘
Awhile he holds some false way, undebarred10˘/········
By thwarting signs, and braves6·/˘···
The freshening wind and blackening waves.8·/˘··/˘·
And then the tempest strikes him; and between10···/˘·····
The lightning-bursts is seen6·/˘···
Only a driving wreck,6/˘·/˘·
And the pale master on his spar-strewn deck10···/˘·····
With anguished face and flying hair,8·/˘··/˘·
Grasping the rudder hard,6/˘·/˘·
Still bent to make some port, he knows not where,10··········
Still standing for some false, impossible shore.10·/˘···˘/˘·
And sterner comes the roar6·/˘···
Of sea and wind; and through the deepening gloom10·······/˘·
Fainter and fainter wreck and helmsman loom,10/˘·/˘··/··
And he too disappears, and comes no more.10····˘/····
Is there no life, but these alone?8······˘/
Madman or slave, must man be one?8/·······
Plainness and clearness without shadow of stain!11/˘·/˘··/···
Clearness divine!4/˘˘/
Ye heavens, whose pure dark regions have no sign11·/˘···/˘···
Of languor, though so calm, and though so great10·/˘·······
Are yet untroubled and unpassionate;10··˘/˘·˘/˘˘
Who, though so noble, share in the world’s toil,10···/˘·····
And, though so tasked, keep free from dust and soil!10··········
I will not say that your mild deeps retain10········˘/
A tinge, it may be, of their silent pain10·······/˘·
Who have longed deeply once, and longed in vain;10···/˘·····
But I will rather say that you remain10···/˘···˘/
A world above man’s head, to let him see10··········
How boundless might his soul’s horizons be,10·/˘···˘/˘·
How vast, yet of what clear transparency!9······˘/˘
How it were good to live there, and breathe free;10··········
How fair a lot to fill6······
Is left to each man still!6······

The reader shows the same poem with its rhymes coloured and a stress row above each line, the notes beside their stanzas, and any word's definition on a tap; the analysis page takes the whole book apart. How every part of this site was made.

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