A Southern Night

Matthew Arnold (1822–1888) · 1849–1867

iambic tetrameter · ABAB · 140 lines · from Poems

The sandy spits, the shore-locked lakes,Melt into open, moonlit sea;The soft Mediterranean breaksAt my feet, free.

Dotting the fields of corn and vine,Like ghosts, the huge gnarled olives stand;Behind, that lovely mountain line!While, by the strand,--

Cette, with its glistening houses white,Curves with the curving beach awayTo where the light-house beacons brightFar in the bay.

Ah! such a night, so soft, so lone,So moonlit, saw me once of yoreWander unquiet, and my ownVexed heart deplore.

But now that trouble is forgot:Thy memory, thy pain, to-night,My brother! and thine early lot,Possess me quite.

The murmur of this Midland deepIs heard to-night around thy grave,There, where Gibraltar’s cannoned steepO’erfrowns the wave.

For there, with bodily anguish keen,With Indian heats at last foredone,With public toil and private teen,--Thou sank’st alone.

Slow to a stop, at morning gray,I see the smoke-crowned vessel come;Slow round her paddles dies awayThe seething foam.

A boat is lowered from her side;Ah, gently place him on the bench!That spirit--if all have not yet died--A breath might quench.

Is this the eye, the footstep fast,The mien of youth, we used to see?Poor, gallant boy! for such thou wast,Still art, to me.

The limbs their wonted tasks refuse;The eyes are glazed, thou canst not speak;And whiter than thy white burnousThat wasted cheek!

Enough! The boat, with quiet shock,Unto its haven coming nigh,Touches, and on Gibraltar’s rockLands thee, to die.

Ah me! Gibraltar’s strand is far;But farther yet across the brineThy dear wife’s ashes buried are,Remote from thine.

For there, where morning’s sacred fountIts golden rain on earth confers,The snowy Himalayan MountO’ershadows hers.

Strange irony of fate, alas!Which, for two jaded English, saves,When from their dusty life they pass,Such peaceful graves!

In cities should we English lie,Where cries are rising ever new,And men’s incessant stream goes by,--We who pursue

Our business with unslackening stride,Traverse in troops, with care-filled breast,The soft Mediterranean side,The Nile, the East,--

And see all sights from pole to pole,And glance, and nod, and bustle by;And never once possess our soulBefore we die.

Not by those hoary Indian hills,Not by this gracious Midland seaWhose floor to-night sweet moonshine fills,Should our graves be.

Some sage, to whom the world was dead,And men were specks, and life a play;Who made the roots of trees his bed,And once a day

With staff and gourd his way did bendTo villages and homes of man,For food to keep him till he endHis mortal span,--

And the pure goal of being reach;Gray-headed, wrinkled, clad in white;Without companion, without speech,By day and night

Pondering God’s mysteries untold,And tranquil as the glacier-snows,--He by those Indian mountains oldMight well repose.

Some gray crusading knight austere,Who bore Saint Louis company,And came home hurt to death, and hereLanded to die;

Some youthful troubadour, whose tongueFilled Europe once with his love-pain,Who here outworn had sunk, and sungHis dying strain;

Some girl, who here from castle-bower,With furtive step and cheek of flame,’Twixt myrtle-hedges all in flowerBy moonlight cameTo meet her pirate-lover’s ship,And from the wave-kissed marble stairBeckoned him on with quivering lipAnd floating hair,

And lived some moons in happy trance,Then learnt his death, and pined away,--Such by these waters of romance’Twas meet to lay.

But you--a grave for knight or sage,Romantic, solitary, still,O spent ones of a work-day age!Befits you ill.

So sang I; but the midnight breeze,Down to the brimmed, moon-charmèd main,Comes softly through the olive-trees,And checks my strain.

I think of her whose gentle tongueAll plaint in her own cause controlled;Of thee I think, my brother! youngIn heart, high-souled;

That comely face, that clustered brow,That cordial hand, that bearing free,--I see them still, I see them now,Shall always see!

And what but gentleness untired,And what but noble feeling warm,Wherever shown, howe’er inspired,Is grace, is charm?

What else is all these waters are,What else is steeped in lucid sheen,What else is bright, what else is fair,What else serene?

Mild o’er her grave, ye mountains, shine!Gently by his, ye waters, glide!To that in you which is divineThey were allied.

Words in this poem 24
moonlit a.
Illumined by the moon.
gnarled a.
Knotty; full of knots or gnarls; twisted; crossgrained.
lone n.
A lane. See Loanin.
yore adv.
In time long past; in old time; long since. [OE. , yare, , AS. geára;akin to geár a year, E. year. Year.]
unquiet v. t.
To disquiet. Ld. Herbert. [1st pref. un- + quiet.]
deplore v. t.
To feel or to express deep and poignant grief for; to bewail; to lament; to mourn; to sorrow over. [L. deplorare; de- + plorare to cry out, wail, lament; prob. akin to pluere to rain, and to E. flow: cf. F. déplorer. Cf. Flow.]
midland a.
Being in the interior country; distant from the coast or seashore; as, midland towns or inhabitants. Howell.
cannoned a.
Furnished with cannon.
teen n.
Grief; sorrow; affiction; pain. Chaucer. [OE. tene, AS. teóna reproach, wrong, fr. teón to accuse; akin to G. zeihen, Goth. gateihan to tell, announce, L. dicere to say. See Token.]
wast
The second person singular of the verb be, in the indicative mood, imperfect tense; -- now used only in solemn or poetical style.
wonted a.
Accustomed; customary; usual.
burnous n.
A cloaklike garment and hood woven in one piece, worn by Arabs. [Ar. burnus a kind of high-crowned cap: cf. F. bournous, burnous, Sp. al-bornoz, a sort of upper garment, with a hood attached.]
snowy a.
White like snow.
stride v. t.
To walk with long steps, especially in a measured or pompous manner. [AS. stridan to stride, to strive; akin to LG. striden, OFries. strida to strive, D. strijden to strive, to contend, G. streiten, OHG. stritan; of uncertain orig]
hoary a.
White or whitish."The hoary willows."
moonshine n.
The light of the moon.
clad v.
To clothe. Holland.
untold a.
Not told; not related; not revealed; as, untold secrets.
crusading a.
Of or pertaining to a crusade; as, a crusading spirit.
furtive a.
Stolen; obtained or characterized by stealth; sly; secret; stealthy; as, a furtive look. Prior. [L. furtivus, fr. furtum theft, fr. fur thief, akin to ferre to bear: cf. F. furtif. See Fertile.]
plaint n.
Audible expression of sorrow; lamentation; complaint; hence, a mournful song; a lament. Chaucer."The Psalmist's mournful plaint." [OE. plainte, pleynte, F. plainte, fr. L. plangere, planctum (plancta, fem. p.p.), to beat, beat the breast, lament. Cf. Complain, Plague, Plangent.]
shall v. i.
To owe; to be under obligation for. [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen,]
wherever adv.
At or in whatever place; wheresoever.
sheen v. i.
To shine; to glisten.

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

A Southern Night is in the public domain. This text is taken from Poems, Project Gutenberg ebook #54985; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: Matthew Arnold, A Southern Night, in Poems (1849–1867), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #54985, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/arnold-poems/a-southern-night.html, id L07063.

Form and metre

A Southern Night is 140 lines in 34 stanzas. The rhyme scheme is ABAB, complete in 27 of its 34 stanzas. The metre is iambic tetrameter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 92%). 96% of its stressed syllables fall where the metre puts the beat. The lines average 7.0 syllables. 4 lines end on an unstressed syllable, a feminine ending. 23% of the lines run on without a stop at the line end.

See other poems in iambic tetrameter.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 1 ABAB lakesA · seaB · breaksA · freeB
  2. 2 ABAB vineA · standB · lineA · strandB
  3. 3 ABAB whiteA · awayB · brightA · bayB
  4. 4 ABAB loneA · yoreB · ownA · deploreB
  5. 5 ABAB forgotA · nightB · lotA · quiteB
  6. 6 ABAB deepA · graveB · steepA · waveB
  7. 7 A-A- keenA · foredone · teenA · alone
  8. 8 ABAB grayA · comeB · awayA · foamB
  9. 9 ABAB sideA · benchB · diedA · quenchB
  10. 10 ABAB fastA · seeB · wastA · meB
  11. 11 -A-A refuse · speakA · burnous · cheekA
  12. 12 ABAB shockA · nighB · rockA · dieB
  13. 13 ABAB farA · brineB · areA · thineB
  14. 14 ABAB fountA · confersB · mountA · hersB
  15. 15 ABAB alasA · savesB · passA · gravesB
  16. 16 ABAB lieA · newB · byA · pursueB
  17. 17 A-A- strideA · breast · sideA · east
  18. 18 ABAB poleA · byB · soulA · dieB
  19. 19 ABAB hillsA · seaB · fillsA · beB
  20. 20 ABAB deadA · playB · bedA · dayB
  21. 21 ABAB bendA · manB · endA · spanB
  22. 22 ABAB reachA · whiteB · speechA · nightB
  23. 23 ABAB untoldA · snowsB · oldA · reposeB
  24. 24 A-A- austereA · company · hereA · die
  25. 25 ABAB tongueA · painB · sungA · strainB
  26. 26 ABABCDCD bowerA · flameB · flowerA · cameB · shipC · stairD · lipC · hairD
  27. 27 ABAB tranceA · awayB · romanceA · layB
  28. 28 ABAB sageA · stillB · ageA · illB
  29. 29 ABAB breezeA · mainB · treesA · strainB
  30. 30 ABAB tongueA · controlledB · youngA · souledB
  31. 31 ABAB browA · freeB · nowA · seeB
  32. 33 -A-A are · sheenA · fair · sereneA
  33. 34 ABAB shineA · glideB · divineA · alliedB
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against iambic tetrameter. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
The sandy spits, the shore-locked lakes,8·/˘·····
Melt into open, moonlit sea;8···/˘/··
The soft Mediterranean breaks8···˘˘/˘·
At my feet, free.4····
Dotting the fields of corn and vine,8/˘······
Like ghosts, the huge gnarled olives stand;8·····/˘·
Behind, that lovely mountain line!8···/˘/˘·
While, by the strand,--4····
Cette, with its glistening houses white,8···/˘/˘·
Curves with the curving beach away8···/˘·˘/
To where the light-house beacons bright8·····/˘·
Far in the bay.4····
Ah! such a night, so soft, so lone,8········
So moonlit, saw me once of yore8·/······
Wander unquiet, and my own8/˘˘/˘···
Vexed heart deplore.4··˘/
But now that trouble is forgot:8···/˘·˘/
Thy memory, thy pain, to-night,8·/˘˘····
My brother! and thine early lot,8·/˘··/˘·
Possess me quite.4˘/··
The murmur of this Midland deep8·/˘··/··
Is heard to-night around thy grave,8········
There, where Gibraltar’s cannoned steep8··˘/˘/˘·
O’erfrowns the wave.4····
For there, with bodily anguish keen,8···/˘/˘·
With Indian heats at last foredone,9·/˘······
With public toil and private teen,--8·/˘··/˘·
Thou sank’st alone.4··˘/
Slow to a stop, at morning gray,8·····/˘·
I see the smoke-crowned vessel come;8·····/˘·
Slow round her paddles dies away8···/˘·˘/
The seething foam.4·/˘·
A boat is lowered from her side;8···/˘···
Ah, gently place him on the bench!8·/˘·····
That spirit--if all have not yet died--8·/······
A breath might quench.4····
Is this the eye, the footstep fast,8·····/··
The mien of youth, we used to see?8········
Poor, gallant boy! for such thou wast,8·/˘·····
Still art, to me.4····
The limbs their wonted tasks refuse;8···/˘·˘/
The eyes are glazed, thou canst not speak;8········
And whiter than thy white burnous8·/˘·····
That wasted cheek!4·/˘·
Enough! The boat, with quiet shock,8˘/···/˘·
Unto its haven coming nigh,8···/˘/˘·
Touches, and on Gibraltar’s rock8/˘··˘/˘·
Lands thee, to die.4····
Ah me! Gibraltar’s strand is far;8··˘/˘···
But farther yet across the brine8·/˘·˘/··
Thy dear wife’s ashes buried are,8···/˘/˘·
Remote from thine.4˘/··
For there, where morning’s sacred fount8···/˘/˘·
Its golden rain on earth confers,8·/˘···˘/
The snowy Himalayan Mount8·/˘·˘/˘·
O’ershadows hers.4····
Strange irony of fate, alas!8·/˘˘··˘/
Which, for two jaded English, saves,8···/˘/˘·
When from their dusty life they pass,8···/˘···
Such peaceful graves!4·/˘·
In cities should we English lie,8·/˘··/˘·
Where cries are rising ever new,8···/˘/˘·
And men’s incessant stream goes by,--8··˘/˘···
We who pursue4··˘/
Our business with unslackening stride,9//˘······
Traverse in troops, with care-filled breast,8/˘······
The soft Mediterranean side,8···˘˘/˘·
The Nile, the East,--4····
And see all sights from pole to pole,8········
And glance, and nod, and bustle by;8·····/˘·
And never once possess our soul8·/·˘//˘·
Before we die.4····
Not by those hoary Indian hills,8···/˘/˘·
Not by this gracious Midland sea8···/˘/··
Whose floor to-night sweet moonshine fills,8·····/··
Should our graves be.5·/˘··
Some sage, to whom the world was dead,8········
And men were specks, and life a play;8········
Who made the roots of trees his bed,8········
And once a day4····
With staff and gourd his way did bend8········
To villages and homes of man,8·/˘˘····
For food to keep him till he end8········
His mortal span,--4·/˘·
And the pure goal of being reach;8·····/˘·
Gray-headed, wrinkled, clad in white;8·/˘/˘···
Without companion, without speech,8··˘/˘···
By day and night4····
Pondering God’s mysteries untold,8/˘·/˘˘˘/
And tranquil as the glacier-snows,--8·/˘··/˘·
He by those Indian mountains old8···/˘/˘·
Might well repose.4··˘/
Some gray crusading knight austere,8··˘/˘·˘/
Who bore Saint Louis company,8···/˘/˘˘
And came home hurt to death, and here8········
Landed to die;4/˘··
Some youthful troubadour, whose tongue8·/˘/˘···
Filled Europe once with his love-pain,8·/˘·····
Who here outworn had sunk, and sung8········
His dying strain;4·/˘·
Some girl, who here from castle-bower,9·····/˘/˘
With furtive step and cheek of flame,8·/˘·····
’Twixt myrtle-hedges all in flower9·/˘/˘··/˘
By moonlight came4·/··
To meet her pirate-lover’s ship,8···/˘/˘·
And from the wave-kissed marble stair8·····/˘·
Beckoned him on with quivering lip8/˘···/˘·
And floating hair,4·/˘·
And lived some moons in happy trance,8·····/˘·
Then learnt his death, and pined away,--8······˘/
Such by these waters of romance8···/˘·˘/
’Twas meet to lay.4····
But you--a grave for knight or sage,8········
Romantic, solitary, still,8˘/˘/˘·˘·
O spent ones of a work-day age!8········
Befits you ill.4˘/··
So sang I; but the midnight breeze,8·····/··
Down to the brimmed, moon-charmèd main,8····˘···
Comes softly through the olive-trees,8·/˘··/˘·
And checks my strain.4····
I think of her whose gentle tongue8·····/˘·
All plaint in her own cause controlled;8······˘/
Of thee I think, my brother! young8·····/˘·
In heart, high-souled;4····
That comely face, that clustered brow,8·/˘··/˘·
That cordial hand, that bearing free,--8·/˘··/˘·
I see them still, I see them now,8········
Shall always see!4·/··
And what but gentleness untired,8···/˘˘··
And what but noble feeling warm,8···/˘/˘·
Wherever shown, howe’er inspired,9˘/˘···˘/˘
Is grace, is charm?4····
What else is all these waters are,8·····/˘·
What else is steeped in lucid sheen,8·····/˘·
What else is bright, what else is fair,8········
What else serene?4··˘/
Mild o’er her grave, ye mountains, shine!8·····/˘·
Gently by his, ye waters, glide!8/˘···/˘·
To that in you which is divine8······˘/
They were allied.4··˘/
Notes from the edition 2

Matthew Arnold's own notes to his Poems (Project Gutenberg #54985), each headed by the line it glosses.

  1. Stanza 4, line 2 See the poem, “A Summer Night,” p. 278.
  2. Stanza 5, line 3 See Note 20.

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