Epithaphe

John Skelton (c. 1460–1529) · 1500–1529

trochaic trimeter · rhyming couplets · 149 lines · from Poetical Works, Volume I

This tretise devysed it isOf two knaues somtyme of Dis.Though this knaues be deade,Full of myschiefe and queed,Yet, where so euer they ly,Theyr names shall neuer dye.

Sequitur trigintaleTale quale rationale,Licet parum curiale,Tamen satis est formale,Joannis Clerc, hominisCujusdam multinominis,Joannes Jayberd qui vocatur,Clerc cleribus nuncupatur.Obiit sanctus iste paterAnno Domini MD. sexto.In parochia de DisNon erat sibi similis;In malitia vir insignis,Duplex corde et bilinguis;Senio confectus,Omnibus suspectus,Nemini dilectus,Sepultus est amonge the wedes:God forgeue hym his mysdedes!

Dulce melosPenetrans cœlos.

Carmina cum canniscantemus festa Joannis:Clerk obiit vere,Jayberd nomenque dedere;Dis populo natus,Clerk cleribus estque vocatus.Hic vir Chaldæus,nequam vir, ceu Jebusæus,In Christum Dominifremuit de more cameli,Rectori propriotam verba retorta loquendoUnde resultando—que Acheronta boando tonaret.Nunquam sinceresolitus sua crimina flere;Cui male lingua loquax—que dicax mendaxque, fuereEt mores talesresident in nemine quales;Carpens vitalesauras, turbare sodalesEt cines socios,asinus, mulus velut, et bos.Omne suum studiumrubeum pictum per amictumDiscolor; et victumfaciens semper maledictumEx intestinis ovium—que boumque caprorum;Tendens adque forum,fragmentum colligit horum,Dentibus exemptismastigat cumque polentisLanigerum caput aut ovisaut vaccæ mugientis.Quid petis, hic sit quis?John Jayberd, incola de Dis;Cui, dum vixerat is,sociantur jurgia, vis, lis.Jam jacet hic starke deed,Neuer a toth in his heed.Adieu, Jayberd, adue,I faith, dikkon thou crue!Fratres, orateFor this knauate,By the holy rode,Dyd neuer man good:I pray you all,And pray shall,At this trentallOn knees to fallTo the fote ball;With, fill the blak bowleFor Jayberdes sowle.Bibite multum:Ecce sepultumSub pede stultum,Asinum, et mulum!The deuill kis his culum!With, hey, howe, rumbelowe,Rumpopulorum,Per omnia secula seculorum! Amen.

Per Fredericum Hely,Fratrem de Monte Carmeli,Qui condunt sine saleHoc devotum trigintale.Vale Jayberd, valde male!

Adam Vddersall,Alias dictus Adam alla knaue, hisEpitaph foloweth deuoutly;He was somtime the holyBaillyue of Dis.

Of DisAdam degebat:dum vixit, falsa gerebat,Namque extorquebatquicquid nativus habebat,Aut liber natus; rapiduslupus inde vocatus:Ecclesiamque satusde Belial iste PilatusSub pede calcatusviolavit, nunc violatus:Perfidus, iratus,numquam fuit ille beatus:Uddersall stratusbenedictis est spoliatus,Improbus, inflatus,maledictis jam laceratus:Dis, tibi bacchatusballivus prædominatus:Hic fuit ingratus,porcus velut insatiatus,Pinguis, crassatus;velut Agag sit reprobatus!Crudelisque Cacusbarathro, peto, sit tumulatus!Belsabub his soule saue,Qui jacet hic, like a knaue!Jam scio mortuus est,Et jacet hic, like a best.Anima ejusDe malo in pejus. Amen.De Dis hæc semper erit camena,Adam Uddersall sit anathema!

Finis, &c. Apud Trumpinton scriptum per Curatum ejusdem, quinto dieJanuarii Anno Domini, secundum computat. Angliæ, MDVII.

Vddersall, &c.] Ed. “Vddersale:” but compare vv. 13, 32. Inthis passage I have adopted the arrangement proposed by the Rev. J.Mitford.—Ed. thus;

“Adam Vddersale. alias dictusAdam all. a knaue his Epitaph.Foloweth deuoutly,He was somtime the holybaillyue of dis.”

“Sis tibi baccatusBalians prædominatus.”

Diligo rustincum cum portant bis duo quointum,Et cantant delos est mihi dulce melos.1. Canticum dolorosum.

Words in this poem 27
shall v. i.
To owe; to be under obligation for. [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen,]
rationale n.
An explanation or exposition of the principles of some opinion, action, hypothesis, phenomenon, or like; also, the principles themselves. [L. rationalis, neut. rationale. See Rational, a.]
sexto n.
A book consisting of sheets each of which is folded into six leaves. [L. sextus sixth.]
duplex a.
Double; twofold. Duplex escapement, a peculiar kind of watch escapement, in which the scape-wheel has two sets of teeth. See Escapement. [L., fr. duo two + plicare to fold. See Two, and Complex.]
omnibus n.
A long four-wheeled carriage, having seats for many people; especially, one with seats running lengthwise, used in conveying passengers short distances. [L., for all, dat. pl. from omnis all. Cf. Bus.]
dulce v. t.
To make sweet; to soothe.
clerk n.
A clergyman or ecclesiastic. [Either OF. clerc, fr. L. clericus a priest, or AS. clerc, cleric, clerk, priest, fr. L. clericus, fr. Gr. Clergy.]
vere v. i.
To change direction; to turn; to shift; as, wind veers to the west or north. [F. virer (cf. Sp. virar, birar), LL. virare; perhaps fr. L. vibrare to brandish, vibrate (cf. Vibrate); or cf. L. viriae armlets, bracelets, viriola a little br]
unde a.
Waving or wavy; -- applied to ordinaries, or division lines. [F. ondé.]
flere n.
One who flees. Ld. Berners.
mores n.
Customs; habits; esp., customs conformity to which is more or less obligatory; customary law.
forum n.
A market place or public place in Rome, where causes were judicially tried, and orations delivered to the people. [L.; akin to foris, foras, out of doors. See Foreign.]
caput n.
The head; also, a knoblike protuberance or capitulum. [L., the head.]
quid n.
A portion suitable to be chewed; a cud; as, a quid of tobacco. [See Cud.]
rode n.
Redness; complexion. [See Rud.]
trentall n.
An office and mass for the dead on the thirtieth day after death or burial. [LL. trentale, fr. L. triginta thirty; akin to tres three: cf. OF. trentel. See Three, and cf. Trigintal.]
sowle v. t.
To pull by the ears; to drag about. hak. [Cf. prov. G. zaulen, zauseln, G. zausen to tug, drag.]
amen interj.
An expression used at the end of prayers, and meaning, So be it. At the end of a creed, it is a solemn asseveration of belief. [L. amen, Gr. am certainly, truly.]
monte n.
A favorite gambling game among Spaniards, played with dice or cards. [Sp., lit., mountain, hence, the stock of cards remaining after laying out a certain number, fr. L. mons, montis, mountain.]
vale n.
A tract of low ground, or of land between hills; a valley. [OE. val, F. val, L. vallis; perhaps akin to Gr. Avalanche, Vail to lower, Valley.]
lupus n.
A cutaneous disease occurring under two distinct forms. [L., a wolf. See Wolf.]
inde a.
Azure-colored; of a bright blue color. Rom. of R.
belial n.
An evil spirit; a wicked and unprincipled person; the personification of evil. [Heb. beli ya'al; beli without + ya'al profit.]
stratus n.
A form of clouds in which they are arranged in a horizontal band or layer. See Cloud. [L. stratus a spreading out, scattering, from sternere, stratum, to spread.]
inflatus n.
A blowing or breathing into; inflation; inspiration. [L. See Inflate, v. t.]
anathema n.
A ban or curse pronounced with religious solemnity by ecclesiastical authority, and accompanied by excommunication. Hence: Denunciation of anything as accursed. [L. anath, fr. Gr. anath, fr. Gr. Thesis.]
finis n.
An end; conclusion. It is often placed at the end of a book. [L.]

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

Epithaphe is in the public domain. This text is taken from The Poetical Works of John Skelton, Volume 1 (of 2), Project Gutenberg ebook #59997; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: John Skelton, Epithaphe, in Poetical Works, Volume I (1500–1529), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #59997, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/skelton-poems/epithaphe.html, id L08666.

Form and metre

Epithaphe is 149 lines in 12 verse paragraphs. It is in rhyming couplets, 52% of the lines. The metre is trochaic trimeter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 78%). 96% of its stressed syllables fall where the metre puts the beat. The lines average 6.7 syllables. 16 lines end on an unstressed syllable, a feminine ending. 31% of the lines run on without a stop at the line end.

See other poems in rhyming couplets, other poems in trochaic trimeter.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 1 --AABB is · dis · deadeA · queedA · lyB · dyeB
  2. 2 A--ABBCCC--DD-EEEFF trigintaleA · rationale · curiale · formaleA · hominisB · multinominisB · vocaturC · nuncupaturC · paterC · sexto · dis · similisD · insignisD · bilinguis · confectusE · suspectusE · dilectusE · wedesF · mysdedesF
  3. 4 AABBCCCC------DD--EEEE--FGGGFGGGHHHH-I-IJJKKLL--MMMMMNNOOOOO-O- cannisA · joannisA · vereB · dedereB · natusC · vocatusC · chaldæusC · jebusæusC · domini · cameli · proprio · loquendo · resultando · tonaret · sincereD · flereD · loquax · fuere · talesE · qualesE · vitalesE · sodalesE · socios · bos · studiumF · amictumG · victumG · maledictumG · oviumF · caprorumG · forumG · horumG · exemptisH · polentisH · ovisH · mugientisH · quis · disI · is · lisI · deedJ · heedJ · adueK · crueK · orateL · knauateL · rode · good · allM · shallM · trentallM · fallM · ballM · bowleN · sowleN · multumO · sepultumO · stultumO · mulumO · culumO · rumbelowe · rumpopulorumO · amen
  4. 5 --A-A hely · carmeli · saleA · trigintale · maleA
  5. 6 AA---- vddersallA · allA · his · deuoutly · holy · dis
  6. 7 -AAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCC------ dis · degebatA · gerebatA · extorquebatA · habebatA · rapidusB · vocatusB · satusB · pilatusB · calcatusB · violatusB · iratusB · beatusB · stratusB · spoliatusB · inflatusB · laceratusB · bacchatusB · prædominatusB · ingratusB · insatiatusB · crassatusB · reprobatusB · cacusB · tumulatusB · saueC · knaueC · est · best · ejus · amen · camena · anathema
  7. 11 AA baccatusA · prædominatusA
  8. 12 A-A quointumA · melos · dolorosumA
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against trochaic trimeter. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
This tretise devysed it is7·······
Of two knaues somtyme of Dis.7·······
Though this knaues be deade,5·····
Full of myschiefe and queed,6······
Yet, where so euer they ly,6······
Theyr names shall neuer dye.6···/˘·
Sequitur trigintale7/˘˘····
Tale quale rationale,5···˘/
Licet parum curiale,8····˘˘/˘
Tamen satis est formale,9····˘/···
Joannis Clerc, hominis6······
Cujusdam multinominis,8········
Joannes Jayberd qui vocatur,8·/······
Clerc cleribus nuncupatur.8········
Obiit sanctus iste pater7··/˘·/˘
Anno Domini MD. sexto.8/˘/˘˘·/˘
In parochia de Dis6······
Non erat sibi similis;8········
In malitia vir insignis,8········
Duplex corde et bilinguis;7/······
Senio confectus,5·····
Omnibus suspectus,6/˘˘···
Nemini dilectus,6······
Sepultus est amonge the wedes:9···˘/····
God forgeue hym his mysdedes!6······
Dulce melos3·/˘
Penetrans cœlos.4····
Carmina cum cannis6······
cantemus festa Joannis:7···/˘··
Clerk obiit vere,4····
Jayberd nomenque dedere;6······
Dis populo natus,6······
Clerk cleribus estque vocatus.8········
Hic vir Chaldæus,4····
nequam vir, ceu Jebusæus,7·······
In Christum Domini6···/˘˘
fremuit de more cameli,7·······
Rectori proprio5·····
tam verba retorta loquendo9·/˘······
Unde resultando—6/˘····
que Acheronta boando tonaret.10··········
Nunquam sincere4··˘/
solitus sua crimina flere;8········
Cui male lingua loquax—6··/˘··
que dicax mendaxque, fuere6······
Et mores tales4·/··
resident in nemine quales;7/˘˘····
Carpens vitales4··/˘
auras, turbare sodales6/˘····
Et cines socios,5··/˘˘
asinus, mulus velut, et bos.9·········
Omne suum studium4····
rubeum pictum per amictum8········
Discolor; et victum6˘/˘···
faciens semper maledictum8········
Ex intestinis ovium—7·······
que boumque caprorum;5·····
Tendens adque forum,5···/˘
fragmentum colligit horum,8········
Dentibus exemptis6······
mastigat cumque polentis7·······
Lanigerum caput aut ovis9····˘/···
aut vaccæ mugientis.5·····
Quid petis, hic sit quis?6······
John Jayberd, incola de Dis;8········
Cui, dum vixerat is,6······
sociantur jurgia, vis, lis.7·······
Jam jacet hic starke deed,6······
Neuer a toth in his heed.7/˘·····
Adieu, Jayberd, adue,5˘/···
I faith, dikkon thou crue!6······
Fratres, orate4/˘··
For this knauate,3···
By the holy rode,5··/˘·
Dyd neuer man good:5·/˘··
I pray you all,4····
And pray shall,3···
At this trentall4····
On knees to fall4····
To the fote ball;4····
With, fill the blak bowle6······
For Jayberdes sowle.4····
Bibite multum:4··/˘
Ecce sepultum4····
Sub pede stultum,4····
Asinum, et mulum!6······
The deuill kis his culum!6······
With, hey, howe, rumbelowe,6······
Rumpopulorum,5·····
Per omnia secula seculorum! Amen.12··········˘/
Per Fredericum Hely,7·······
Fratrem de Monte Carmeli,8···/˘···
Qui condunt sine sale5·····
Hoc devotum trigintale.8········
Vale Jayberd, valde male!5·····
Adam Vddersall,4/˘··
Alias dictus Adam all8/˘˘··/˘·
a knaue, his3···
Epitaph foloweth deuoutly;8/˘······
He was somtime the holy7·····/˘
Baillyue of Dis.3···
Of Dis2··
Adam degebat:5/˘···
dum vixit, falsa gerebat,8········
Namque extorquebat5·····
quicquid nativus habebat,8········
Aut liber natus; rapidus8·/˘·····
lupus inde vocatus:6/˘····
Ecclesiamque satus5·····
de Belial iste Pilatus8·/˘˘·˘/˘
Sub pede calcatus5·····
violavit, nunc violatus:7·······
Perfidus, iratus,6······
numquam fuit ille beatus:6······
Uddersall stratus5···/˘
benedictis est spoliatus,9····˘/···
Improbus, inflatus,6···˘/˘
maledictis jam laceratus:9·········
Dis, tibi bacchatus6·/····
ballivus prædominatus:8········
Hic fuit ingratus,5·····
porcus velut insatiatus,8········
Pinguis, crassatus;5·····
velut Agag sit reprobatus!9·········
Crudelisque Cacus5·····
barathro, peto, sit tumulatus!10···/˘·····
Belsabub his soule saue,6······
Qui jacet hic, like a knaue!7·······
Jam scio mortuus est,6····˘/
Et jacet hic, like a best.7·······
Anima ejus5·····
De malo in pejus. Amen.8·/˘···˘/
De Dis hæc semper erit camena,10··········
Adam Uddersall sit anathema!10/˘····˘/˘˘
Finis, &c. Apud Trumpinton scriptum per Curatum ejusdem, quinto die20/˘···············/˘·
Januarii Anno Domini, secundum computat. Angliæ, MDVII.16···/˘/˘·········
Vddersall, &c.] Ed. “Vddersale:” but compare vv. 13, 32. In12········˘/··
this passage I have adopted the arrangement proposed by the Rev. J.18·/˘··˘/˘·˘/˘˘/····
Mitford.—Ed. thus;4····
“Adam Vddersale. alias dictus10/˘···/˘˘··
Adam all. a knaue his Epitaph.9/˘····/˘·
Foloweth deuoutly,5·····
He was somtime the holy7·····/˘
baillyue of dis.”3···
“Sis tibi baccatus6·/····
Balians prædominatus.”8/˘˘·····
Diligo rustincum cum portant bis duo quointum,14··········/˘··
Et cantant delos est mihi dulce melos.12···/˘˘/···/˘
1. Canticum dolorosum.7·······
Notes from the edition 13

Alexander Dyce's notes to the Poetical Works of John Skelton (1843; Project Gutenberg #59997).

  1. Stanza 2, line 6 multinominis] Ed. “maltimoniis.”
  2. Stanza 4, line 5 populo] The correction of the Rev. J. Mitford. Ed. “populus.”
  3. Stanza 4, line 14 que Acheronta, &c. ... que dicax, &c.] Perhaps these passages ought to be arranged thus for the sake of the rhyme; “que Acheronta boando tonaret. Nunquam sincere,” &c. ... “que dicax mendax— que, fuere Et mores tales,” &c. But from the rest of the poem it seems that Skelton intended each hexameter to be cut only into two parts.
  4. Stanza 4, line 23 socios] Ed. “socias.”
  5. Stanza 4, line 35 caput aut ovis] Ed. “caput caput.” I give the conjectural reading of the Rev. J. Mitford. The rhyme suggests (but the metre will not allow) “bidentis.”
  6. Stanza 4, line 38 incola] Ed. “Nicolas.”
  7. Stanza 6, line 1 Vddersall, &c.] Ed. “Vddersale:” but compare vv. 13, 32. In this passage I have adopted the arrangement proposed by the Rev. J. Mitford.—Ed. thus; “Adam Vddersale. alias dictus Adam all. a knaue his Epitaph. Foloweth deuoutly, He was somtime the holy baillyue of dis.”
  8. Stanza 7, line 6 rapidus] The Rev. J. Mitford conjectures, “rabidus;” but rapidus is frequently used in the same sense.
  9. Stanza 7, line 15 benedictis] Ed. “Benedictus;” and in the next line but one, “Maledictus.”
  10. Stanza 7, line 18 Dis, tibi, &c.] The emendation of the Rev. J. Mitford: compare above, “Baillyue of Dis.”—Ed. “Sis tibi baccatus Balians prædominatus.”
  11. Stanza 7, line 23 sit] Ed. “fit.”
  12. Stanza 7, line 31 pejus] Ed. “peuis.”
  13. Stanza 8, line 1 scriptum] Ed. “scripter.”

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