The Skeleton in Armor
"Speak! speak I thou fearful guestWho, with thy hollow breastStill in rude armor drest,Comest to daunt me!Wrapt not in Eastern balms,Bat with thy fleshless palmsStretched, as if asking alms,Why dost thou haunt me?"
Then, from those cavernous eyesPale flashes seemed to rise,As when the Northern skiesGleam in December;And, like the water's flowUnder December's snow,Came a dull voice of woeFrom the heart's chamber.
"I was a Viking old!My deeds, though manifold,No Skald in song has told,No Saga taught thee!Take heed, that in thy verseThou dost the tale rehearse,Else dread a dead man's curse;For this I sought thee.
"Far in the Northern Land,By the wild Baltic's strand,I, with my childish hand,Tamed the gerfalcon;And, with my skates fast-bound,Skimmed the half-frozen Sound,That the poor whimpering houndTrembled to walk on.
"Oft to his frozen lairTracked I the grisly bear,While from my path the hareFled like a shadow;Oft through the forest darkFollowed the were-wolf's bark,Until the soaring larkSang from the meadow.
"But when I older grew,Joining a corsair's crew,O'er the dark sea I flewWith the marauders.Wild was the life we led;Many the souls that sped,Many the hearts that bled,By our stern orders.
"Many a wassail-boutWore the long Winter out;Often our midnight shoutSet the cocks crowing,As we the Berserk's taleMeasured in cups of ale,Draining the oaken pail,Filled to o'erflowing.
"Once as I told in gleeTales of the stormy sea,Soft eyes did gaze on me,Burning yet tender;And as the white stars shineOn the dark Norway pine,On that dark heart of mineFell their soft splendor.
"I wooed the blue-eyed maid,Yielding, yet half afraid,And in the forest's shadeOur vows were plighted.Under its loosened vestFluttered her little breastLike birds within their nestBy the hawk frighted.
"Bright in her father's hallShields gleamed upon the wall,Loud sang the minstrels all,Chanting his glory;When of old HildebrandI asked his daughter's hand,Mute did the minstrels standTo hear my story.
"While the brown ale he quaffed,Loud then the champion laughed,And as the wind-gusts waftThe sea-foam brightly,So the loud laugh of scorn,Out of those lips unshorn,From the deep drinking-hornBlew the foam lightly.
"She was a Prince's child,I but a Viking wild,And though she blushed and smiled,I was discarded!Should not the dove so whiteFollow the sea-mew's flight,Why did they leave that nightHer nest unguarded?
"Scarce had I put to sea,Bearing the maid with me,Fairest of all was sheAmong the Norsemen!When on the white sea-strand,Waving his armed hand,Saw we old Hildebrand,With twenty horsemen.
"Then launched they to the blast,Bent like a reed each mast,Yet we were gaining fast,When the wind failed us;And with a sudden flawCame round the gusty Skaw,So that our foe we sawLaugh as he hailed us.
"And as to catch the galeRound veered the flapping sail,Death I was the helmsman's hail,Death without quarter!Mid-ships with iron keelStruck we her ribs of steelDown her black hulk did reelThrough the black water!
"As with his wings aslant,Sails the fierce cormorant,Seeking some rocky hauntWith his prey laden,So toward the open main,Beating to sea again,Through the wild hurricane,Bore I the maiden.
"Three weeks we westward bore,And when the storm was o'er,Cloud-like we saw the shoreStretching to leeward;There for my lady's bowerBuilt I the lofty tower,Which, to this very hour,Stands looking seaward.
"There lived we many years;Time dried the maiden's tearsShe had forgot her fears,She was a mother.Death closed her mild blue eyes,Under that tower she lies;Ne'er shall the sun ariseOn such another!
"Still grew my bosom then.Still as a stagnant fen!Hateful to me were men,The sunlight hateful!In the vast forest here,Clad in my warlike gear,Fell I upon my spear,O, death was grateful!
"Thus, seamed with many scars,Bursting these prison bars,Up to its native starsMy soul ascended!There from the flowing bowlDeep drinks the warrior's soul,Skoal! to the Northland! skoal!"Thus the tale ended.
Words in this poem 19
- daunt v. t.
- To overcome; to conquer. [OF. danter, F. dompter to tame, subdue, fr. L. domitare, v. intens. of domare to tame. See Tame.]
- fleshless a.
- Destitute of flesh; lean. Carlyle.
- cavernous a.
- Full of caverns; resembling a cavern or large cavity; hollow. [L. cavernosus: cf. F. caverneux.]
- viking n.
- One belonging to the pirate crews from among the Northmen, who plundered the coasts of Europe in the eighth, ninth, and tenth centuries. [Icel. vikingr, fr. vik a bay, inlet.]
- saga n.
- A Scandinavian legend, or heroic or mythic tradition, among the Norsemen and kindred people; a northern European popular historical or religious tale of olden time. [Icel., akin to E. saw a saying. See Say, and cf. Saw.]
- lair n.
- A place in which to lie or rest; especially, the bed or couch of a wild beast. [OE. leir, AS. leger; akin to D. leger, G. lager couch, lair, OHG. laga, Goth. ligrs, and to E. lie. See Lie to be prostrate, and cf. Layer, Leaguer.]
- oaken a.
- Made or consisting of oaks or of the wood of oaks. [AS. acen.]
- glee n.
- Music; minstrelsy; entertainment.
- vest n.
- An article of clothing covering the person; an outer garment; a vestment; a dress; a vesture; a robe. [L. vestis a garment, vesture; akin to Goth. wasti, and E. wear: cf. F. veste. See Wear to carry on the person, and cf. Divest, Invest, Travesty.]
- waft v. t.
- To give notice to by waving something; to wave the hand to; to beckon. [Prob. originally imp. & p. p. of wave, v. t. See Wave to waver.]
- scarce a.
- Not plentiful or abundant; in small quantity in proportion to the demand; not easily to be procured; rare; uncommon. [OE. scars, OF. escars, eschars, LL. scarpsus, for L. excerptus, p. p. of excerpere to pick out, and hence to contract, to shorten; ex (see Ex-) + carpere. See C]
- gusty a.
- Subject to, or characterized by, gusts or squalls; windy; stormy; tempestuous.
- hulk n.
- The body of a ship or decked vessel of any kind; esp., the body of an old vessel laid by as unfit for service. [OE. hulke a heavy ship, AS. hulc a light, swift ship; akin to D. hulk a ship of burden, G. holk, OHG. holcho; perh. fr. LL. holcas, Gr. Wolf, Holcad.]
- aslant adv.
- Toward one side; in a slanting direction; obliquely. [Pref. a- + slant.]
- seaward a.
- Directed or situated toward the sea. Donne.
- shall v. i.
- To owe; to be under obligation for. [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen,]
- hateful a.
- Manifesting hate or hatred; malignant; malevolent.
- clad v.
- To clothe. Holland.
- seamed a.
- Out of condition; not in good condition; -- said of a hawk.
Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.
About this text
The Skeleton in Armor is in the public domain. This text is taken from The Complete Poetical Works of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Project Gutenberg ebook #1365; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.
Cite as: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Skeleton in Armor, in The Complete Poetical Works (1839–1882), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #1365, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/longfellow-poems/the-skeleton-in-armor.html, id L17495.
Form and metre
The Skeleton in Armor is 160 lines in 20 stanzas of 8 lines each. The rhyme scheme is AAABCCCB, complete in 12 of its 20 stanzas. The metre is iambic trimeter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 89%). 95% of its stressed syllables fall where the metre puts the beat. The lines average 5.8 syllables. 34 lines end on an unstressed syllable, a feminine ending. 28% of the lines run on without a stop at the line end.
See other poems in iambic trimeter.
Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.
Rhyme words, stanza by stanza
The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.
- 1 AAABCCCB guestA · breastA · drestA · meB · balmsC · palmsC · almsC · meB
- 2 AAA-BBB- eyesA · riseA · skiesA · december · flowB · snowB · woeB · chamber
- 3 AAABCCCB oldA · manifoldA · toldA · theeB · verseC · rehearseC · curseC · theeB
- 4 AAA-BBB- landA · strandA · handA · gerfalcon · boundB · soundB · houndB · on
- 5 AAABCCCB lairA · bearA · hareA · shadowB · darkC · barkC · larkC · meadowB
- 6 AAA-BBB- grewA · crewA · flewA · marauders · ledB · spedB · bledB · orders
- 7 AAABCCCB boutA · outA · shoutA · crowingB · taleC · aleC · pailC · o'erflowingB
- 8 AAABCCCB gleeA · seaA · meA · tenderB · shineC · pineC · mineC · splendorB
- 9 AAABCCCB maidA · afraidA · shadeA · plightedB · vestC · breastC · nestC · frightedB
- 10 AAABCCCB hallA · wallA · allA · gloryB · hildebrandC · handC · standC · storyB
- 11 AA-BCCCB quaffedA · laughedA · waft · brightlyB · scornC · unshornC · hornC · lightlyB
- 12 AAABCCCB childA · wildA · smiledA · discardedB · whiteC · flightC · nightC · unguardedB
- 13 AAA-BBB- seaA · meA · sheA · norsemen · strandB · handB · hildebrandB · horsemen
- 14 AAABC-CB blastA · mastA · fastA · usB · flawC · skaw · sawC · usB
- 15 AAA-BBB- galeA · sailA · hailA · quarter · keelB · steelB · reelB · water
- 16 AAABCCCB aslantA · cormorantA · hauntA · ladenB · mainC · againC · hurricaneC · maidenB
- 17 A-ABCCCB boreA · o'er · shoreA · leewardB · bowerC · towerC · hourC · seawardB
- 18 AAABCCCB yearsA · tearsA · fearsA · motherB · eyesC · liesC · ariseC · anotherB
- 19 AAABCCCB thenA · fenA · menA · hatefulB · hereC · gearC · spearC · gratefulB
- 20 AAABCCCB scarsA · barsA · starsA · ascendedB · bowlC · soulC · skoalC · endedB
Scansion, line by line
Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against iambic trimeter. How this is done.
| Line | Syl. | Stress |
|---|---|---|
| "Speak! speak I thou fearful guest | 7 | ····/˘· |
| Who, with thy hollow breast | 6 | ···/˘· |
| Still in rude armor drest, | 6 | ···/˘· |
| Comest to daunt me! | 5 | ····· |
| Wrapt not in Eastern balms, | 6 | ···/˘· |
| Bat with thy fleshless palms | 6 | ···/˘· |
| Stretched, as if asking alms, | 7 | ·˘··/˘· |
| Why dost thou haunt me?" | 5 | ····· |
| Then, from those cavernous eyes | 7 | ···/˘˘· |
| Pale flashes seemed to rise, | 7 | ·/˘·˘·· |
| As when the Northern skies | 6 | ···/˘· |
| Gleam in December; | 5 | ··˘/˘ |
| And, like the water's flow | 6 | ···/˘· |
| Under December's snow, | 6 | ··˘/˘· |
| Came a dull voice of woe | 6 | ······ |
| From the heart's chamber. | 5 | ···/˘ |
| "I was a Viking old! | 6 | ···/˘· |
| My deeds, though manifold, | 6 | ···/˘· |
| No Skald in song has told, | 6 | ······ |
| No Saga taught thee! | 5 | ·/˘·· |
| Take heed, that in thy verse | 6 | ······ |
| Thou dost the tale rehearse, | 6 | ····˘/ |
| Else dread a dead man's curse; | 6 | ······ |
| For this I sought thee. | 5 | ····· |
| "Far in the Northern Land, | 6 | ···/˘· |
| By the wild Baltic's strand, | 6 | ···/˘· |
| I, with my childish hand, | 6 | ···/˘· |
| Tamed the gerfalcon; | 4 | ··/˘ |
| And, with my skates fast-bound, | 6 | ······ |
| Skimmed the half-frozen Sound, | 7 | ·˘··/˘· |
| That the poor whimpering hound | 7 | ···/˘˘· |
| Trembled to walk on. | 5 | /˘··· |
| "Oft to his frozen lair | 6 | ···/˘· |
| Tracked I the grisly bear, | 7 | ·˘··/˘· |
| While from my path the hare | 6 | ······ |
| Fled like a shadow; | 5 | ···/· |
| Oft through the forest dark | 6 | ···/˘· |
| Followed the were-wolf's bark, | 7 | /˘˘···· |
| Until the soaring lark | 6 | ···/˘· |
| Sang from the meadow. | 5 | ···/· |
| "But when I older grew, | 6 | ···/˘· |
| Joining a corsair's crew, | 6 | /˘·/˘· |
| O'er the dark sea I flew | 6 | ······ |
| With the marauders. | 5 | ··˘/˘ |
| Wild was the life we led; | 6 | ······ |
| Many the souls that sped, | 6 | /˘···· |
| Many the hearts that bled, | 6 | /˘···· |
| By our stern orders. | 6 | ·/˘·/˘ |
| "Many a wassail-bout | 6 | /˘·/˘· |
| Wore the long Winter out; | 6 | ···/˘· |
| Often our midnight shout | 7 | /˘/˘/·· |
| Set the cocks crowing, | 5 | ···/˘ |
| As we the Berserk's tale | 6 | ···˘/· |
| Measured in cups of ale, | 7 | /˘˘···· |
| Draining the oaken pail, | 6 | /˘·/˘· |
| Filled to o'erflowing. | 5 | ····· |
| "Once as I told in glee | 6 | ······ |
| Tales of the stormy sea, | 6 | ···/˘· |
| Soft eyes did gaze on me, | 6 | ······ |
| Burning yet tender; | 5 | /˘·/˘ |
| And as the white stars shine | 6 | ······ |
| On the dark Norway pine, | 6 | ···/·· |
| On that dark heart of mine | 6 | ······ |
| Fell their soft splendor. | 5 | ···/˘ |
| "I wooed the blue-eyed maid, | 7 | ··˘···· |
| Yielding, yet half afraid, | 6 | /˘··˘/ |
| And in the forest's shade | 6 | ···/˘· |
| Our vows were plighted. | 6 | /˘··/˘ |
| Under its loosened vest | 7 | ···/˘˘· |
| Fluttered her little breast | 7 | /˘˘·/˘· |
| Like birds within their nest | 6 | ······ |
| By the hawk frighted. | 5 | ···/˘ |
| "Bright in her father's hall | 6 | ···/˘· |
| Shields gleamed upon the wall, | 7 | ··˘···· |
| Loud sang the minstrels all, | 6 | ···/˘· |
| Chanting his glory; | 5 | /˘·/˘ |
| When of old Hildebrand | 6 | ···/˘· |
| I asked his daughter's hand, | 7 | ··˘·/˘· |
| Mute did the minstrels stand | 6 | ···/˘· |
| To hear my story. | 5 | ···/˘ |
| "While the brown ale he quaffed, | 7 | ······˘ |
| Loud then the champion laughed, | 8 | ···/˘˘·˘ |
| And as the wind-gusts waft | 6 | ······ |
| The sea-foam brightly, | 5 | ···/˘ |
| So the loud laugh of scorn, | 6 | ······ |
| Out of those lips unshorn, | 6 | ······ |
| From the deep drinking-horn | 6 | ···/˘· |
| Blew the foam lightly. | 5 | ···/˘ |
| "She was a Prince's child, | 6 | ···/˘· |
| I but a Viking wild, | 6 | ···/˘· |
| And though she blushed and smiled, | 8 | ····˘··˘ |
| I was discarded! | 5 | ··˘/˘ |
| Should not the dove so white | 6 | ······ |
| Follow the sea-mew's flight, | 6 | /˘···· |
| Why did they leave that night | 6 | ······ |
| Her nest unguarded? | 5 | ··˘/˘ |
| "Scarce had I put to sea, | 6 | ······ |
| Bearing the maid with me, | 6 | /˘···· |
| Fairest of all was she | 6 | /˘···· |
| Among the Norsemen! | 5 | ···/˘ |
| When on the white sea-strand, | 6 | ······ |
| Waving his armed hand, | 5 | /˘··· |
| Saw we old Hildebrand, | 6 | ···/˘· |
| With twenty horsemen. | 5 | ·/˘/˘ |
| "Then launched they to the blast, | 7 | ··˘···· |
| Bent like a reed each mast, | 6 | ······ |
| Yet we were gaining fast, | 6 | ···/˘· |
| When the wind failed us; | 5 | ····· |
| And with a sudden flaw | 6 | ···/˘· |
| Came round the gusty Skaw, | 6 | ···/˘· |
| So that our foe we saw | 7 | ··/˘··· |
| Laugh as he hailed us. | 5 | ····· |
| "And as to catch the gale | 6 | ······ |
| Round veered the flapping sail, | 7 | ··˘·/˘· |
| Death I was the helmsman's hail, | 7 | ····/·· |
| Death without quarter! | 5 | ···/˘ |
| Mid-ships with iron keel | 6 | ···/˘· |
| Struck we her ribs of steel | 6 | ······ |
| Down her black hulk did reel | 6 | ······ |
| Through the black water! | 5 | ···/˘ |
| "As with his wings aslant, | 6 | ····˘/ |
| Sails the fierce cormorant, | 6 | ···/˘˘ |
| Seeking some rocky haunt | 6 | /˘·/˘· |
| With his prey laden, | 5 | ···/˘ |
| So toward the open main, | 7 | ····/˘· |
| Beating to sea again, | 6 | /˘··˘/ |
| Through the wild hurricane, | 6 | ···/˘· |
| Bore I the maiden. | 5 | ···/˘ |
| "Three weeks we westward bore, | 6 | ···/˘· |
| And when the storm was o'er, | 6 | ······ |
| Cloud-like we saw the shore | 6 | ······ |
| Stretching to leeward; | 5 | /˘·/˘ |
| There for my lady's bower | 7 | ···/˘/˘ |
| Built I the lofty tower, | 7 | ···/˘/˘ |
| Which, to this very hour, | 7 | ···/˘/˘ |
| Stands looking seaward. | 5 | ·/˘/˘ |
| "There lived we many years; | 7 | ··˘·/˘· |
| Time dried the maiden's tears | 6 | ···/˘· |
| She had forgot her fears, | 6 | ··˘/·· |
| She was a mother. | 5 | ···/˘ |
| Death closed her mild blue eyes, | 7 | ··˘···· |
| Under that tower she lies; | 7 | ···/˘·· |
| Ne'er shall the sun arise | 6 | ····˘/ |
| On such another! | 5 | ··˘/˘ |
| "Still grew my bosom then. | 6 | ···/˘· |
| Still as a stagnant fen! | 6 | ···/˘· |
| Hateful to me were men, | 6 | /˘···· |
| The sunlight hateful! | 5 | ·/·/˘ |
| In the vast forest here, | 6 | ···/˘· |
| Clad in my warlike gear, | 6 | ···/·· |
| Fell I upon my spear, | 6 | ······ |
| O, death was grateful! | 5 | ···/˘ |
| "Thus, seamed with many scars, | 7 | ··˘·/˘· |
| Bursting these prison bars, | 6 | /˘·/˘· |
| Up to its native stars | 6 | ···/˘· |
| My soul ascended! | 5 | ··˘/˘ |
| There from the flowing bowl | 6 | ···/˘· |
| Deep drinks the warrior's soul, | 7 | ···/˘˘· |
| Skoal! to the Northland! skoal!" | 6 | ···/·· |
| Thus the tale ended. | 5 | ···/˘ |
The reader shows the same poem with its rhymes coloured and a stress row above each line, the notes beside their stanzas, and any word's definition on a tap; the analysis page takes the whole book apart. How every part of this site was made.