The Rhyme of Sir Christopher

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807–1882) · 1839–1882

iambic pentameter · 163 lines · from The Complete Poetical Works

It was Sir Christopher Gardiner,Knight of the Holy Sepulchre,From Merry England over the sea,Who stepped upon this continentAs if his august presence lentA glory to the colony.

You should have seen him in the streetOf the little Boston of Winthrop's time,His rapier dangling at his feetDoublet and hose and boots complete,Prince Rupert hat with ostrich plume,Gloves that exhaled a faint perfume,Luxuriant curls and air sublime,And superior manners now obsolete!

He had a way of saying thingsThat made one think of courts and kings,And lords and ladies of high degree;So that not having been at courtSeemed something very little shortOf treason or lese-majesty,Such an accomplished knight was he.

His dwelling was just beyond the town,At what he called his country-seat;For, careless of Fortune's smile or frown,And weary grown of the world and its ways,He wished to pass the rest of his daysIn a private life and a calm retreat.

But a double life was the life he led,And, while professing to be in searchOf a godly course, and willing, he said,Nay, anxious to join the Puritan church,He made of all this but small account,And passed his idle hours insteadWith roystering Morton of Merry Mount,That pettifogger from Furnival's Inn,Lord of misrule and riot and sin,Who looked on the wine when it was red.

This country-seat was little moreThan a cabin of log's; but in front of the doorA modest flower-bed thickly sownWith sweet alyssum and columbineMade those who saw it at once divineThe touch of some other hand than his own.And first it was whispered, and then it was known,That he in secret was harboring thereA little lady with golden hair,Whom he called his cousin, but whom he had wedIn the Italian manner, as men said,And great was the scandal everywhere.

But worse than this was the vague surmise,Though none could vouch for it or aver,That the Knight of the Holy SepulchreWas only a Papist in disguise;And the more to imbitter their bitter lives,And the more to trouble the public mind,Came letters from England, from two other wives,Whom he had carelessly left behind;Both of them letters of such a kindAs made the governor hold his breath;The one imploring him straight to sendThe husband home, that he might amend;The other asking his instant death,As the only way to make an end.

The wary governor deemed it right,When all this wickedness was revealed,To send his warrant signed and sealed,And take the body of the knight.Armed with this mighty instrument,The marshal, mounting his gallant steed,Rode forth from town at the top of his speed,And followed by all his bailiffs bold,As if on high achievement bent,To storm some castle or stronghold,Challenge the warders on the wall,And seize in his ancestral hallA robber-baron grim and old.

But when though all the dust and heatHe came to Sir Christopher's country-seat,No knight he found, nor warder there,But the little lady with golden hair,Who was gathering in the bright sunshineThe sweet alyssum and columbine;While gallant Sir Christopher, all so gay,Being forewarned, through the postern gateOf his castle wall had tripped away,And was keeping a little holidayIn the forests, that bounded his estate.

Then as a trusty squire and trueThe marshal searched the castle through,Not crediting what the lady said;Searched from cellar to garret in vain,And, finding no knight, came out againAnd arrested the golden damsel instead,And bore her in triumph into the town,While from her eyes the tears rolled downOn the sweet alyssum and columbine,That she held in her fingers white and fine.

The governor's heart was moved to seeSo fair a creature caught withinThe snares of Satan and of sin,And he read her a little homilyOn the folly and wickedness of the livesOf women, half cousins and half wives;But, seeing that naught his words availed,He sent her away in a ship that sailedFor Merry England over the sea,To the other two wives in the old countree,To search her further, since he had failedTo come at the heart of the mystery.

Meanwhile Sir Christopher wandered awayThrough pathless woods for a month and a day,Shooting pigeons, and sleeping at nightWith the noble savage, who took delightIn his feathered hat and his velvet vest,His gun and his rapier and the rest.But as soon as the noble savage heardThat a bounty was offered for this gay bird,He wanted to slay him out of hand,And bring in his beautiful scalp for a show,Like the glossy head of a kite or crow,Until he was made to understandThey wanted the bird alive, not dead;Then he followed him whithersoever he fled,Through forest and field, and hunted him down,And brought him prisoner into the town.

Alas! it was a rueful sight,To see this melancholy knightIn such a dismal and hapless case;His hat deformed by stain and dent,His plumage broken, his doublet rent,His beard and flowing locks forlorn,Matted, dishevelled, and unshorn,His boots with dust and mire besprent;But dignified in his disgrace,And wearing an unblushing face.And thus before the magistrateHe stood to hear the doom of fate.In vain he strove with wonted easeTo modify and extenuateHis evil deeds in church and state,For gone was now his power to please;And his pompous words had no more weightThan feathers flying in the breeze.

With suavity equal to his ownThe governor lent a patient earTo the speech evasive and highflown,In which he endeavored to make clearThat colonial laws were too severeWhen applied to a gallant cavalier,A gentleman born, and so well known,And accustomed to move in a higher sphere.

All this the Puritan governor heard,And deigned in answer never a word;But in summary manner shipped away,In a vessel that sailed from Salem bay,This splendid and famous cavalier,With his Rupert hat and his popery,To Merry England over the sea,As being unmeet to inhabit here.

Thus endeth the Rhyme of Sir Christopher,Knight of the Holy Sepulchre,The first who furnished this barren landWith apples of Sodom and ropes of sand.

Words in this poem 38
sepulchre n.
The place in which the dead body of a human being is interred, or a place set apart for that purpose; a grave; a tomb. [OE. sepulcre, OF. sepulcre, F. sépulcre, fr. L. sepulcrum, sepulchrum, fr. sepelire to bury.]
continent a.
Serving to restrain or limit; restraining; opposing. [L. continens, -entis, prop., p. pr. of continere to hold together, to repress: cf. F. continent. See Contain.]
rapier n.
A straight sword, with a narrow and finely pointed blade, used only for thrusting. Rapier fish (Zoöl.), the swordfish. Grew. [F. rapière, perhaps for raspière, and ultimately of German origin, akin to E. rasp, v.]
misrule v. t.
To rule badly; to misgovern.
alyssum n.
A genus of cruciferous plants; madwort. The sweet alyssum (A.
columbine a.
Of or pertaining to a dove; dovelike; dove-colored. [L. columbinus, fr. columba dove.]
scandal n.
Offense caused or experienced; reproach or reprobation called forth by what is regarded as wrong, criminal, heinous, or flagrant: opprobrium or disgrace. [F. scandale, fr. L. scandalum, Gr. scandle, OF. escandle. See Slander.]
vouch v. t.
To call; to summon. [OE. vouchen, OF. vochier to call, fr. L. vocare to call, fr. vox, vocis, voice. See Voice, and cf. Avouch.]
aver n.
A work horse, or working ox. [OF. aver domestic animal, whence LL. averia, pl. cattle. See Habit, and cf. Average.]
papist n.
A Roman catholic; one who adheres to the Church of Rome and the authority of the pope; -- an offensive designation applied to Roman Catholics by their opponents. [F. papiste. See Pape, Pope.]
imploring a.
That implores; beseeching; entreating.
steed n.
A horse, especially a spirited horse for state of war; -- used chiefly in poetry or stately prose. [OE. stede, AS. steda a stud-horse, war horse, fr. stod a stud of breeding steeds; akin to G. stute a mare, Icel. stedda, sto, a stud. *163. See Stud of horses.]
rode n.
Redness; complexion. [See Rud.]
warder n.
One who wards or keeps; a keeper; a guard.
sunshine n.
The light of the sun, or the place where it shines; the direct rays of the sun, the place where they fall, or the warmth and light which they give.
postern n.
Originally, a back door or gate; a private entrance; hence, any small door or gate. [OF. posterne, posterle, F. poterne, fr. L. posterula, fr. posterus coming after. See Posterior.]
garret n.
A turret; a watchtower. [OE. garite, garette, watchtower, place of lookout, OF. garite, also meaning, a place of refuge, F. guérite a place of refuge, donjon, sentinel box, fr. OF. gari]
damsel n.
A young person, either male or female, of noble or gentle extraction; as, Damsel Pepin; Damsel Richard, Prince of Wales. [OE. damosel, damesel, damisel, damsel, fr. OF. damoisele, damisele, gentlewoman, F. demoiselle young lady; cf. OF. damoisel young nobleman, F. damoiseau; fr. LL]
homily n.
A discourse or sermon read or pronounced to an audience; a serious discourse. [LL. homilia, Gr. homélie. See Same.]
meanwhile n.
The intervening time; as, in the meantime (or mean time).
pathless a.
Having no beaten path or way; untrodden; impenetrable; as, pathless woods.
vest n.
An article of clothing covering the person; an outer garment; a vestment; a dress; a vesture; a robe. [L. vestis a garment, vesture; akin to Goth. wasti, and E. wear: cf. F. veste. See Wear to carry on the person, and cf. Divest, Invest, Travesty.]
bounty n.
Goodness, kindness; virtue; worth. [OE. bounte goodness, kindness, F. bonté, fr. L. bonitas, fr. bonus good, for older duonus; cf. Skr. duvas honor, respect.]
whithersoever adv.
To whatever place; to what place soever; wheresoever; as, I will go whithersoever you lead. [Whither + soever.]
rueful a.
Causing one to rue or lament; woeful; mournful; sorrowful.
dismal a.
Fatal; ill-omened; unlucky. [Formerly a noun; e. g., "I trow it was in the dismalle." Chaucer. Of uncertain origin; but perh. (as suggested by Skeat) from OF. disme, F. dîme, tithe, the phr]
hapless a.
Without hap or luck; luckless; unfortunate; unlucky; unhappy; as, hapless youth; hapless maid.
dent n.
A stroke; a blow. [A variant of Dint.]
forlorn a.
Deserted abandoned; lost. [OE., p.p. of forlesen to lose utterly, AS. forleósan (p.p. forloren); pref. for- + leósan (in comp.) to lose; cf. D. verliezen to lose, G. verlieren, Sw. förlor]
besprent p. p.
Sprinkled over; strewed. [OE. bespreynt, p. p. of besprengen, bisprengen, to besprinkle, AS. besprengan, akin to D. & G. besprengen; pref. be- + sprengan to sprinkle. See Sprinkle.]
unblushing a.
Not blushing; shameless.
wonted a.
Accustomed; customary; usual.
extenuate a.
Thin; slender. Huloet. [L. extenuatus, p. p.]
suavity n.
Sweetness to the taste. Sir T. Browne. [L. suavitas: cf. F. suavité.]
evasive a.
Tending to evade, or marked by evasion; elusive; shuffling; avoiding by artifice. [Cf. F. évasif. See Evade.]
colonial a.
Of or pertaining to a colony; as, colonial rights, traffic, wars. [Cf. F. colonial.]
cavalier n.
A military man serving on horseback; a knight. [F. cavalier, It. cavaliere, LL. caballarius, fr. L. caballus. See Cavalcade, and cf. Cavallier, Caballine.]
unmeet a.
Not meet or fit; not proper; unbecoming; unsuitable; -- usually followed by for.

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

The Rhyme of Sir Christopher is in the public domain. This text is taken from The Complete Poetical Works of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Project Gutenberg ebook #1365; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Rhyme of Sir Christopher, in The Complete Poetical Works (1839–1882), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #1365, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/longfellow-poems/the-rhyme-of-sir-christopher.html, id L17704.

Form and metre

The Rhyme of Sir Christopher is 163 lines in 16 stanzas. The metre is iambic pentameter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 78%). 79% of its stressed syllables fall where the metre puts the beat. The lines average 9.3 syllables. 15 lines end on an unstressed syllable, a feminine ending. 30% of the lines run on without a stop at the line end.

See other poems in iambic pentameter.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 1 ---AA- gardiner · sepulchre · sea · continentA · lentA · colony
  2. 2 ABAACCBA streetA · timeB · feetA · completeA · plumeC · perfumeC · sublimeB · obsoleteA
  3. 3 AABCC-B thingsA · kingsA · degreeB · courtC · shortC · majesty · heB
  4. 4 ABACCB townA · seatB · frownA · waysC · daysC · retreatB
  5. 5 ABABCACDDA ledA · searchB · saidA · churchB · accountC · insteadA · mountC · innD · sinD · redA
  6. 6 AABCCBBDDEED moreA · doorA · sownB · columbineC · divineC · ownB · knownB · thereD · hairD · wedE · saidE · everywhereD
  7. 7 A--ABCBCCDEEDE surmiseA · aver · sepulchre · disguiseA · livesB · mindC · wivesB · behindC · kindC · breathD · sendE · amendE · deathD · endE
  8. 8 ABBACDDECEFFE rightA · revealedB · sealedB · knightA · instrumentC · steedD · speedD · boldE · bentC · strongholdE · wallF · hallF · oldE
  9. 9 AABBCCDEDDE heatA · seatA · thereB · hairB · sunshineC · columbineC · gayD · gateE · awayD · holidayD · estateE
  10. 10 AABCCBDDEE trueA · throughA · saidB · vainC · againC · insteadB · townD · downD · columbineE · fineE
  11. 11 ABB-CCDDAAD- seeA · withinB · sinB · homily · livesC · wivesC · availedD · sailedD · seaA · countreeA · failedD · mystery
  12. 12 AABBCCDDEFFEGGHH awayA · dayA · nightB · delightB · vestC · restC · heardD · birdD · handE · showF · crowF · understandE · deadG · fledG · downH · townH
  13. 13 AABCCDDCBBEEFEEFEF sightA · knightA · caseB · dentC · rentC · forlornD · unshornD · besprentC · disgraceB · faceB · magistrateE · fateE · easeF · extenuateE · stateE · pleaseF · weightE · breezeF
  14. 14 ABABBBAB ownA · earB · highflownA · clearB · severeB · cavalierB · knownA · sphereB
  15. 15 AABBC--C heardA · wordA · awayB · bayB · cavalierC · popery · sea · hereC
  16. 16 --AA christopher · sepulchre · landA · sandA
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against iambic pentameter. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
It was Sir Christopher Gardiner,8···/˘˘/˘
Knight of the Holy Sepulchre,7···/˘··
From Merry England over the sea,9·/˘/˘····
Who stepped upon this continent9··˘···/˘˘
As if his august presence lent8···/˘/˘·
A glory to the colony.8·/˘··/˘˘
You should have seen him in the street8········
Of the little Boston of Winthrop's time,10··/˘/˘·/˘·
His rapier dangling at his feet10·/˘˘/˘˘···
Doublet and hose and boots complete,8/˘····˘/
Prince Rupert hat with ostrich plume,8·/˘··/˘·
Gloves that exhaled a faint perfume,9··˘/˘··˘/
Luxuriant curls and air sublime,9˘/˘˘···˘/
And superior manners now obsolete!10·˘/˘/˘·/˘·
He had a way of saying things8·····/˘·
That made one think of courts and kings,8········
And lords and ladies of high degree;9···/˘··˘/
So that not having been at court8···/˘···
Seemed something very little short9·˘/˘/˘/˘·
Of treason or lese-majesty,8·/˘··/˘˘
Such an accomplished knight was he.9··˘/˘˘···
His dwelling was just beyond the town,9·/˘······
At what he called his country-seat;9····˘·/˘·
For, careless of Fortune's smile or frown,9·/˘·/˘···
And weary grown of the world and its ways,10·/˘·······
He wished to pass the rest of his days10··˘·······
In a private life and a calm retreat.10··/˘····˘/
But a double life was the life he led,10··/˘······
And, while professing to be in search9··˘/˘····
Of a godly course, and willing, he said,10··/˘··/˘··
Nay, anxious to join the Puritan church,10·/˘···/˘˘·
He made of all this but small account,9·······˘/
And passed his idle hours instead10··˘·/˘/˘˘/
With roystering Morton of Merry Mount,10·/˘˘/˘·/˘·
That pettifogger from Furnival's Inn,9·/˘˘·····
Lord of misrule and riot and sin,9··˘/·/˘··
Who looked on the wine when it was red.10··˘·······
This country-seat was little more8·/˘··/˘·
Than a cabin of log's; but in front of the door12··/˘········
A modest flower-bed thickly sown9·/˘/˘·/˘·
With sweet alyssum and columbine9··˘/˘·/˘·
Made those who saw it at once divine9·······˘/
The touch of some other hand than his own.10····/˘····
And first it was whispered, and then it was known,11····/˘·····
That he in secret was harboring there10···/˘·/˘˘·
A little lady with golden hair,9·/˘/˘·/˘·
Whom he called his cousin, but whom he had wed11····/˘·····
In the Italian manner, as men said,10··˘/˘/˘···
And great was the scandal everywhere.9····/˘/˘·
But worse than this was the vague surmise,9·······˘/
Though none could vouch for it or aver,9·······/˘
That the Knight of the Holy Sepulchre9·····/˘··
Was only a Papist in disguise;9·/˘·/˘·˘/
And the more to imbitter their bitter lives,11····˘/˘·/˘·
And the more to trouble the public mind,10····/˘·/˘·
Came letters from England, from two other wives,11·/˘·/˘··/˘·
Whom he had carelessly left behind;9···/˘˘···
Both of them letters of such a kind9···/˘····
As made the governor hold his breath;9···/˘˘···
The one imploring him straight to send9··˘/˘····
The husband home, that he might amend;9·/˘····˘/
The other asking his instant death,9·/˘/˘·/˘·
As the only way to make an end.9··/˘·····
The wary governor deemed it right,10·/˘/˘˘·˘··
When all this wickedness was revealed,10···/˘˘·˘/˘
To send his warrant signed and sealed,10···/˘·˘··˘
And take the body of the knight.8···/˘···
Armed with this mighty instrument,9·˘··/˘/˘˘
The marshal, mounting his gallant steed,9·/˘/˘·/˘·
Rode forth from town at the top of his speed,10··········
And followed by all his bailiffs bold,10·/˘˘···/˘·
As if on high achievement bent,8····˘/˘·
To storm some castle or stronghold,8···/˘·/·
Challenge the warders on the wall,8/˘·/˘···
And seize in his ancestral hall8····˘/˘·
A robber-baron grim and old.8·/˘/˘···
But when though all the dust and heat8········
He came to Sir Christopher's country-seat,10····/˘˘/˘·
No knight he found, nor warder there,8·····/˘·
But the little lady with golden hair,10··/˘/˘·/˘·
Who was gathering in the bright sunshine10··/˘˘···/·
The sweet alyssum and columbine;9··˘/˘·/˘·
While gallant Sir Christopher, all so gay,10·/˘·/˘˘···
Being forewarned, through the postern gate10/˘˘/˘··/˘·
Of his castle wall had tripped away,10··/˘···˘˘/
And was keeping a little holiday10··/˘·/˘/˘·
In the forests, that bounded his estate.10··/˘·/˘·˘/
Then as a trusty squire and true8···/˘···
The marshal searched the castle through,9·/˘·˘·/˘·
Not crediting what the lady said;9·/˘˘··/˘·
Searched from cellar to garret in vain,10·˘·/˘·/˘··
And, finding no knight, came out again9·/˘····˘/
And arrested the golden damsel instead,11·˘/˘·/˘/˘˘/
And bore her in triumph into the town,10····/˘····
While from her eyes the tears rolled down9·······˘·
On the sweet alyssum and columbine,10···˘/˘·/˘·
That she held in her fingers white and fine.10·····/˘···
The governor's heart was moved to see10·/˘˘···˘··
So fair a creature caught within8···/˘···
The snares of Satan and of sin,8···/˘···
And he read her a little homily10·····/˘/˘˘
On the folly and wickedness of the lives10··/˘·/˘···
Of women, half cousins and half wives;9·/˘·/˘···
But, seeing that naught his words availed,10·/˘····˘/˘
He sent her away in a ship that sailed10···˘/·····
For Merry England over the sea,9·/˘/˘····
To the other two wives in the old countree,11··/˘·······
To search her further, since he had failed10···/˘····˘
To come at the heart of the mystery.10·······/˘˘
Meanwhile Sir Christopher wandered away10/··/˘˘/˘˘/
Through pathless woods for a month and a day,10·/˘·······
Shooting pigeons, and sleeping at night9/˘/˘·/˘··
With the noble savage, who took delight10··/˘/˘··˘/
In his feathered hat and his velvet vest,10··/˘···/˘·
His gun and his rapier and the rest.10····/˘˘···
But as soon as the noble savage heard10·····/˘/˘·
That a bounty was offered for this gay bird,11··/˘·/˘····
He wanted to slay him out of hand,9·/˘······
And bring in his beautiful scalp for a show,10····/˘····
Like the glossy head of a kite or crow,10··/˘······
Until he was made to understand9·······˘/
They wanted the bird alive, not dead;9·/˘··˘/··
Then he followed him whithersoever he fled,11··/˘·······
Through forest and field, and hunted him down,10·/˘···/˘··
And brought him prisoner into the town.10···/˘˘····
Alas! it was a rueful sight,8˘/···/˘·
To see this melancholy knight8···/˘·˘·
In such a dismal and hapless case;9···/˘·/˘·
His hat deformed by stain and dent,9··˘/˘····
His plumage broken, his doublet rent,9·/˘/˘·/˘·
His beard and flowing locks forlorn,8···/˘·˘/
Matted, dishevelled, and unshorn,9/˘˘/˘˘···
His boots with dust and mire besprent;8······˘/
But dignified in his disgrace,8·/˘···˘/
And wearing an unblushing face.8·/˘·˘/˘·
And thus before the magistrate8·····/˘·
He stood to hear the doom of fate.8········
In vain he strove with wonted ease8·····/˘·
To modify and extenuate9·/˘··˘/˘·
His evil deeds in church and state,8·/˘·····
For gone was now his power to please;9·····/˘··
And his pompous words had no more weight9··/˘·····
Than feathers flying in the breeze.8·/˘/˘···
With suavity equal to his own9·/˘˘/˘···
The governor lent a patient ear9·/˘˘··/˘·
To the speech evasive and highflown,9···˘/˘·/˘
In which he endeavored to make clear10···˘/˘˘···
That colonial laws were too severe10·˘/˘˘···˘/
When applied to a gallant cavalier,10·˘/··/˘·˘/
A gentleman born, and so well known,9·/˘˘·····
And accustomed to move in a higher sphere.10·˘/˘····/·
All this the Puritan governor heard,10···/˘˘/˘˘·
And deigned in answer never a word;10··˘·/˘/˘··
But in summary manner shipped away,10··/˘˘/˘·˘/
In a vessel that sailed from Salem bay,10··/˘···/˘·
This splendid and famous cavalier,9·/˘·/˘·˘/
With his Rupert hat and his popery,10··/˘···/˘˘
To Merry England over the sea,9·/˘/˘····
As being unmeet to inhabit here.10·/˘˘/·˘/˘·
Thus endeth the Rhyme of Sir Christopher,10·······/˘˘
Knight of the Holy Sepulchre,7···/˘··
The first who furnished this barren land10···/˘˘·/˘·
With apples of Sodom and ropes of sand.10·/˘·/˘····

The reader shows the same poem with its rhymes coloured and a stress row above each line, the notes beside their stanzas, and any word's definition on a tap; the analysis page takes the whole book apart. How every part of this site was made.

More by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow