The Famine
Oh the long and dreary Winter!Oh the cold and cruel Winter!Ever thicker, thicker, thickerFroze the ice on lake and river,Ever deeper, deeper, deeperFell the snow o’er all the landscape,Fell the covering snow, and driftedThrough the forest, round the village.Hardly from his buried wigwamCould the hunter force a passage;With his mittens and his snow-shoesVainly walked he through the forest,Sought for bird or beast and found none,Saw no track of deer or rabbit,In the snow beheld no footprints,In the ghastly, gleaming forestFell, and could not rise from weakness,Perished there from cold and hunger.
Oh the famine and the fever!Oh the wasting of the famine!Oh the blasting of the fever!Oh the wailing of the children!Oh the anguish of the women!
All the earth was sick and famished;Hungry was the air around them,Hungry was the sky above them,And the hungry stars in heavenLike the eyes of wolves glared at them!
Into Hiawatha’s wigwamCame two other guests, as silentAs the ghosts were, and as gloomy,Waited not to be invitedDid not parley at the doorwaySat there without word of welcomeIn the seat of Laughing Water;Looked with haggard eyes and hollowAt the face of Laughing Water.
And the foremost said: “Behold me!I am Famine, Bukadawin!”And the other said: “Behold me!I am Fever, Ahkosewin!”
And the lovely MinnehahaShuddered as they looked upon her,Shuddered at the words they uttered,Lay down on her bed in silence,Hid her face, but made no answer;Lay there trembling, freezing, burningAt the looks they cast upon her,At the fearful words they uttered.
Forth into the empty forestRushed the maddened Hiawatha;In his heart was deadly sorrow,In his face a stony firmness;On his brow the sweat of anguishStarted, but it froze and fell not.
Wrapped in furs and armed for hunting,With his mighty bow of ash-tree,With his quiver full of arrows,With his mittens, Minjekahwun,Into the vast and vacant forestOn his snow-shoes strode he forward.
“Gitche Manito, the Mighty!”Cried he with his face upliftedIn that bitter hour of anguish,“Give your children food, O father!Give us food, or we must perish!Give me food for Minnehaha,For my dying Minnehaha!”
Through the far-resounding forest,Through the forest vast and vacantRang that cry of desolation,But there came no other answerThan the echo of his crying,Than the echo of the woodlands,“Minnehaha! Minnehaha!”
All day long roved HiawathaIn that melancholy forest,Through the shadow of whose thickets,In the pleasant days of Summer,Of that ne’er forgotten Summer,He had brought his young wife homewardFrom the land of the Dacotahs;When the birds sang in the thickets,And the streamlets laughed and glistened,And the air was full of fragrance,And the lovely Laughing WaterSaid with voice that did not tremble,“I will follow you, my husband!”
In the wigwam with Nokomis,With those gloomy guests that watched her,With the Famine and the Fever,She was lying, the Beloved,She, the dying Minnehaha.
“Hark!” she said; “I hear a rushing,Hear a roaring and a rushing,Hear the Falls of MinnehahaCalling to me from a distance!”“No, my child!” said old Nokomis,“’T is the night-wind in the pine-trees!”“Look!” she said; “I see my fatherStanding lonely at his doorway,Beckoning to me from his wigwamIn the land of the Dacotahs!”“No, my child!” said old Nokomis.“’T is the smoke, that waves and beckons!”“Ah!” said she, “the eyes of PaugukGlare upon me in the darkness,I can feel his icy fingersClasping mine amid the darkness!Hiawatha! Hiawatha!”
And the desolate Hiawatha,Far away amid the forest,Miles away among the mountains,Heard that sudden cry of anguish,Heard the voice of MinnehahaCalling to him in the darkness,“Hiawatha! Hiawatha!”
Over snow-fields waste and pathless,Under snow-encumbered branches,Homeward hurried Hiawatha,Empty-handed, heavy-hearted,Heard Nokomis moaning, wailing:“Wahonowin! Wahonowin!Would that I had perished for you,Would that I were dead as you are!Wahonowin! Wahonowin!”
And he rushed into the wigwam,Saw the old Nokomis slowlyRocking to and fro and moaning,Saw his lovely MinnehahaLying dead and cold before him,And his bursting heart within himUttered such a cry of anguish,That the forest moaned and shuddered,That the very stars in heavenShook and trembled with his anguish.
Then he sat down, still and speechless,On the bed of Minnehaha,At the feet of Laughing Water,At those willing feet, that neverMore would lightly run to meet him,Never more would lightly follow.
With both hands his face he covered,Seven long days and nights he sat there,As if in a swoon he sat there,Speechless, motionless, unconsciousOf the daylight or the darkness.
Then they buried Minnehaha;In the snow a grave they made herIn the forest deep and darksomeUnderneath the moaning hemlocks;Clothed her in her richest garmentsWrapped her in her robes of ermine,Covered her with snow, like ermine;Thus they buried Minnehaha.
And at night a fire was lighted,On her grave four times was kindled,For her soul upon its journeyTo the Islands of the Blessed.From his doorway HiawathaSaw it burning in the forest,Lighting up the gloomy hemlocks;From his sleepless bed uprising,From the bed of Minnehaha,Stood and watched it at the doorway,That it might not be extinguished,
Might not leave her in the darkness.“Farewell!” said he, “Minnehaha!Farewell, O my Laughing Water!All my heart is buried with you,All my thoughts go onward with you!Come not back again to labor,Come not back again to suffer,Where the Famine and the FeverWear the heart and waste the body.Soon my task will be completed,Soon your footsteps I shall followTo the Islands of the Blessed,To the Kingdom of Ponemah,To the Land of the Hereafter!”
Words in this poem 20
- dreary a.
- Sorrowful; distressful. [OE. dreori, dreri, AS. dreórig, sad; akin to G. traurig, and prob. to AS. dreósan to fall, Goth. driusan. Cf. Dross, Drear, Drizzle, Drowse.]
- wigwam n.
- An Indian cabin or hut, usually of a conical form, and made of a framework of poles covered with hides, bark, or mats; -- called also tepee. [Sometimes written also weekwam.] [From the Algonquin or Massachusetts Indian word wek, "his house," or "dwelling place;" with possessive and locative affixes, we-kou-om-ut, "in his (or their) ho]
- famine n.
- General scarcity of food; dearth; a want of provisions; destitution. [F. famine, fr. L. fames hunger; cf. Gr. hani loss, lack, ha to leave.]
- doorway n.
- The passage of a door; entrance way into a house or a room.
- haggard a.
- Wild or intractable; disposed to break away from duty; untamed; as, a haggard or refractory hawk. Shak [F. hagard; of German origin, and prop. meaning, of the hegde or woods, wild, untamed. See Hedge, 1st Haw, and -ard.]
- rushed a.
- Abounding or covered with rushes.
- manito n.
- A name given by tribes of American Indians to a great spirit, whether good or evil, or to any object of worship. Tylor.
- desolation n.
- The act of desolating or laying waste; destruction of inhabitants; depopulation. [F. désolation, L. desolatio.]
- homeward a.
- Being in the direction of home; as, the homeward way.
- glare v. i.
- To shine with a bright, dazzling light. [OE. glaren, gloren; cf. AS. glær amber, LG. glaren to glow or burn like coals, D. gloren to glimmer; prob. akin to E. glass.]
- amid prep.
- In the midst or middle of; surrounded or encompassed by; among. [OE. amidde, amiddes, on midden, AS. on middan, in the middle, fr. midde the middle. The s is an adverbial ending, originally marking the genitive; the t is a la]
- pathless a.
- Having no beaten path or way; untrodden; impenetrable; as, pathless woods.
- shook v. t.
- To pack, as staves, in a shook.
- speechless a.
- Destitute or deprived of the faculty of speech.
- daylight n.
- The light of day as opposed to the darkness of night; the light of the sun, as opposed to that of the moon or to artificial light.
- darksome a.
- Dark; gloomy; obscure; shaded; cheerless.
- sleepless a.
- Having no sleep; wakeful.
- uprising n.
- Act of rising; also, a steep place; an ascent.
- shall v. i.
- To owe; to be under obligation for. [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen,]
- hereafter adv.
- In time to come; in some future time or state. [AS. hræfter.]
Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.
About this text
The Famine is in the public domain. This text is taken from The Song of Hiawatha, Project Gutenberg ebook #19; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.
Cite as: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Famine, in The Song of Hiawatha (1855), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #19, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/longfellow-hiawatha/the-famine.html, id L04215.
Form and metre
The Famine is 180 lines in 21 stanzas. The metre is trochaic tetrameter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 92%). 98% of its stressed syllables fall where the metre puts the beat. The lines average 8.0 syllables. 125 lines end on an unstressed syllable, a feminine ending. 24% of the lines run on without a stop at the line end.
See other poems in trochaic tetrameter.
Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.
Rhyme words, stanza by stanza
The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.
- 1 AA---------B---B-- winterA · winterA · thicker · river · deeper · landscape · drifted · village · wigwam · passage · shoes · forestB · none · rabbit · footprints · forestB · weakness · hunger
- 2 A-A-- feverA · famine · feverA · children · women
- 3 -AA-A famished · themA · themA · heaven · themA
- 4 ------A-A wigwam · silent · gloomy · invited · doorway · welcome · waterA · hollow · waterA
- 5 ABAB meA · bukadawinB · meA · ahkosewinB
- 6 -AB---AB minnehaha · herA · utteredB · silence · answer · burning · herA · utteredB
- 9 -----AA mighty · uplifted · anguish · father · perish · minnehahaA · minnehahaA
- 11 --ABB--A----- hiawatha · forest · thicketsA · summerB · summerB · homeward · dacotahs · thicketsA · glistened · fragrance · water · tremble · husband
- 13 AA--B-----B--C-C- rushingA · rushingA · minnehaha · distance · nokomisB · trees · father · doorway · wigwam · dacotahs · nokomisB · beckons · pauguk · darknessC · fingers · darknessC · hiawatha
- 14 A-----A hiawathaA · forest · mountains · anguish · minnehaha · darkness · hiawathaA
- 15 -----A--A pathless · branches · hiawatha · hearted · wailing · wahonowinA · you · are · wahonowinA
- 16 A---AAB--B wigwamA · slowly · moaning · minnehaha · himA · himA · anguishB · shuddered · heaven · anguishB
- 18 -AA-- covered · thereA · thereA · unconscious · darkness
- 19 A----BBA minnehahaA · her · darksome · hemlocks · garments · ermineB · ermineB · minnehahaA
- 20 ---A-A----- lighted · kindled · journey · blessedA · hiawatha · forestA · hemlocks · uprising · minnehaha · doorway · extinguished
- 21 ---AA--------- darkness · minnehaha · water · youA · youA · labor · suffer · fever · body · completed · follow · blessed · ponemah · hereafter
Scansion, line by line
Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against trochaic tetrameter. How this is done.
| Line | Syl. | Stress |
|---|---|---|
| Oh the long and dreary Winter! | 8 | ····/˘/˘ |
| Oh the cold and cruel Winter! | 8 | ····/˘/˘ |
| Ever thicker, thicker, thicker | 8 | /˘/˘/˘/˘ |
| Froze the ice on lake and river, | 8 | ······/˘ |
| Ever deeper, deeper, deeper | 8 | /˘/˘/˘/˘ |
| Fell the snow o’er all the landscape, | 8 | ······/· |
| Fell the covering snow, and drifted | 9 | ··/˘˘··/˘ |
| Through the forest, round the village. | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| Hardly from his buried wigwam | 8 | /˘··/˘/˘ |
| Could the hunter force a passage; | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| With his mittens and his snow-shoes | 8 | ··/˘···· |
| Vainly walked he through the forest, | 8 | /˘····/˘ |
| Sought for bird or beast and found none, | 8 | ········ |
| Saw no track of deer or rabbit, | 8 | ······/˘ |
| In the snow beheld no footprints, | 8 | ···˘/·/· |
| In the ghastly, gleaming forest | 8 | ··/˘/˘/˘ |
| Fell, and could not rise from weakness, | 8 | ······/˘ |
| Perished there from cold and hunger. | 8 | /˘····/˘ |
| Oh the famine and the fever! | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| Oh the wasting of the famine! | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| Oh the blasting of the fever! | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| Oh the wailing of the children! | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| Oh the anguish of the women! | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| All the earth was sick and famished; | 8 | ········ |
| Hungry was the air around them, | 8 | /˘······ |
| Hungry was the sky above them, | 8 | /˘······ |
| And the hungry stars in heaven | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| Like the eyes of wolves glared at them! | 8 | ········ |
| Into Hiawatha’s wigwam | 8 | ···˘/˘/˘ |
| Came two other guests, as silent | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| As the ghosts were, and as gloomy, | 8 | ······/˘ |
| Waited not to be invited | 8 | /˘···˘/˘ |
| Did not parley at the doorway | 8 | ··/˘··/· |
| Sat there without word of welcome | 8 | ······/˘ |
| In the seat of Laughing Water; | 8 | ····/˘/˘ |
| Looked with haggard eyes and hollow | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| At the face of Laughing Water. | 8 | ····/˘/˘ |
| And the foremost said: “Behold me! | 8 | ··/··˘/· |
| I am Famine, Bukadawin!” | 8 | ··/˘···· |
| And the other said: “Behold me! | 8 | ··/˘·˘/· |
| I am Fever, Ahkosewin!” | 8 | ··/˘···· |
| And the lovely Minnehaha | 8 | ··/˘···· |
| Shuddered as they looked upon her, | 8 | /˘······ |
| Shuddered at the words they uttered, | 8 | /˘····/˘ |
| Lay down on her bed in silence, | 8 | ······/˘ |
| Hid her face, but made no answer; | 8 | ······/˘ |
| Lay there trembling, freezing, burning | 9 | ··/˘˘/˘/˘ |
| At the looks they cast upon her, | 8 | ········ |
| At the fearful words they uttered. | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| Forth into the empty forest | 8 | ····/˘/˘ |
| Rushed the maddened Hiawatha; | 8 | ··/˘·˘/˘ |
| In his heart was deadly sorrow, | 8 | ····/˘/˘ |
| In his face a stony firmness; | 8 | ····/˘/˘ |
| On his brow the sweat of anguish | 8 | ······/˘ |
| Started, but it froze and fell not. | 8 | /˘······ |
| Wrapped in furs and armed for hunting, | 8 | ······/˘ |
| With his mighty bow of ash-tree, | 8 | ··/˘···· |
| With his quiver full of arrows, | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| With his mittens, Minjekahwun, | 8 | ··/˘···· |
| Into the vast and vacant forest | 9 | ·····/˘/˘ |
| On his snow-shoes strode he forward. | 8 | ······/˘ |
| “Gitche Manito, the Mighty!” | 7 | ·····/˘ |
| Cried he with his face uplifted | 8 | ·····/˘˘ |
| In that bitter hour of anguish, | 9 | ··/˘/˘·/˘ |
| “Give your children food, O father! | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| Give us food, or we must perish! | 8 | ······/˘ |
| Give me food for Minnehaha, | 8 | ········ |
| For my dying Minnehaha!” | 8 | ··/˘···· |
| Through the far-resounding forest, | 8 | ···˘/˘/˘ |
| Through the forest vast and vacant | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| Rang that cry of desolation, | 8 | ·····˘/˘ |
| But there came no other answer | 8 | ····/˘/˘ |
| Than the echo of his crying, | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| Than the echo of the woodlands, | 8 | ··/˘··/· |
| “Minnehaha! Minnehaha!” | 8 | ········ |
| All day long roved Hiawatha | 8 | ·····˘/˘ |
| In that melancholy forest, | 8 | ··/˘·˘/˘ |
| Through the shadow of whose thickets, | 8 | ··/···/˘ |
| In the pleasant days of Summer, | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| Of that ne’er forgotten Summer, | 8 | ···˘/˘/˘ |
| He had brought his young wife homeward | 8 | ······/˘ |
| From the land of the Dacotahs; | 8 | ·····˘/˘ |
| When the birds sang in the thickets, | 8 | ······/˘ |
| And the streamlets laughed and glistened, | 8 | ······/˘ |
| And the air was full of fragrance, | 8 | ······/˘ |
| And the lovely Laughing Water | 8 | ··/˘/˘/˘ |
| Said with voice that did not tremble, | 8 | ······/˘ |
| “I will follow you, my husband!” | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| In the wigwam with Nokomis, | 8 | ··/˘···· |
| With those gloomy guests that watched her, | 8 | ··/˘···· |
| With the Famine and the Fever, | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| She was lying, the Beloved, | 8 | ··/˘·˘/˘ |
| She, the dying Minnehaha. | 8 | ··/˘···· |
| “Hark!” she said; “I hear a rushing, | 8 | ······/˘ |
| Hear a roaring and a rushing, | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| Hear the Falls of Minnehaha | 8 | ········ |
| Calling to me from a distance!” | 8 | /˘····/˘ |
| “No, my child!” said old Nokomis, | 8 | ········ |
| “’T is the night-wind in the pine-trees!” | 9 | ········· |
| “Look!” she said; “I see my father | 8 | ······/˘ |
| Standing lonely at his doorway, | 8 | /˘/˘··/· |
| Beckoning to me from his wigwam | 9 | /˘˘····/˘ |
| In the land of the Dacotahs!” | 8 | ·····˘/˘ |
| “No, my child!” said old Nokomis. | 8 | ········ |
| “’T is the smoke, that waves and beckons!” | 9 | ·······/˘ |
| “Ah!” said she, “the eyes of Pauguk | 8 | ········ |
| Glare upon me in the darkness, | 8 | ······/˘ |
| I can feel his icy fingers | 8 | ····/˘/˘ |
| Clasping mine amid the darkness! | 8 | /˘·˘/·/˘ |
| Hiawatha! Hiawatha!” | 8 | ·˘/˘·˘/˘ |
| And the desolate Hiawatha, | 9 | ··/˘˘·˘/˘ |
| Far away amid the forest, | 8 | ·˘/˘/·/˘ |
| Miles away among the mountains, | 8 | ·˘/···/˘ |
| Heard that sudden cry of anguish, | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| Heard the voice of Minnehaha | 8 | ········ |
| Calling to him in the darkness, | 8 | /˘····/˘ |
| “Hiawatha! Hiawatha!” | 8 | ·˘/˘·˘/˘ |
| Over snow-fields waste and pathless, | 8 | ······/˘ |
| Under snow-encumbered branches, | 8 | ···˘/˘/˘ |
| Homeward hurried Hiawatha, | 8 | /˘/˘·˘/˘ |
| Empty-handed, heavy-hearted, | 8 | /˘/˘/˘/˘ |
| Heard Nokomis moaning, wailing: | 8 | ····/˘/˘ |
| “Wahonowin! Wahonowin! | 8 | ········ |
| Would that I had perished for you, | 8 | ····/˘·· |
| Would that I were dead as you are! | 8 | ········ |
| Wahonowin! Wahonowin!” | 8 | ········ |
| And he rushed into the wigwam, | 8 | ······/˘ |
| Saw the old Nokomis slowly | 8 | ······/˘ |
| Rocking to and fro and moaning, | 8 | /˘····/˘ |
| Saw his lovely Minnehaha | 8 | ··/˘···· |
| Lying dead and cold before him, | 8 | /˘······ |
| And his bursting heart within him | 8 | ··/˘···· |
| Uttered such a cry of anguish, | 8 | /˘····/˘ |
| That the forest moaned and shuddered, | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| That the very stars in heaven | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| Shook and trembled with his anguish. | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| Then he sat down, still and speechless, | 8 | ······/˘ |
| On the bed of Minnehaha, | 8 | ········ |
| At the feet of Laughing Water, | 8 | ····/˘/˘ |
| At those willing feet, that never | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| More would lightly run to meet him, | 8 | ··/˘···· |
| Never more would lightly follow. | 8 | /˘··/˘/˘ |
| With both hands his face he covered, | 8 | ······/˘ |
| Seven long days and nights he sat there, | 8 | /······· |
| As if in a swoon he sat there, | 8 | ········ |
| Speechless, motionless, unconscious | 8 | /˘/˘˘·/˘ |
| Of the daylight or the darkness. | 8 | ··/···/˘ |
| Then they buried Minnehaha; | 8 | ··/˘···· |
| In the snow a grave they made her | 8 | ········ |
| In the forest deep and darksome | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| Underneath the moaning hemlocks; | 8 | ·˘/·/˘/· |
| Clothed her in her richest garments | 8 | ····/˘/˘ |
| Wrapped her in her robes of ermine, | 8 | ······/˘ |
| Covered her with snow, like ermine; | 8 | /˘····/˘ |
| Thus they buried Minnehaha. | 8 | ··/˘···· |
| And at night a fire was lighted, | 9 | ····/˘·/˘ |
| On her grave four times was kindled, | 8 | ······/˘ |
| For her soul upon its journey | 8 | ······/˘ |
| To the Islands of the Blessed. | 8 | ··/˘···˘ |
| From his doorway Hiawatha | 8 | ··/··˘/˘ |
| Saw it burning in the forest, | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| Lighting up the gloomy hemlocks; | 8 | /˘··/˘/· |
| From his sleepless bed uprising, | 8 | ··/˘·˘/˘ |
| From the bed of Minnehaha, | 8 | ········ |
| Stood and watched it at the doorway, | 8 | ······/· |
| That it might not be extinguished, | 8 | ·····˘/˘ |
| Might not leave her in the darkness. | 8 | ······/˘ |
| “Farewell!” said he, “Minnehaha! | 8 | ·/······ |
| Farewell, O my Laughing Water! | 8 | ·/··/˘/˘ |
| All my heart is buried with you, | 8 | ····/˘·· |
| All my thoughts go onward with you! | 8 | ····/˘·· |
| Come not back again to labor, | 8 | ···˘/·/˘ |
| Come not back again to suffer, | 8 | ···˘/·/˘ |
| Where the Famine and the Fever | 8 | ··/˘··/˘ |
| Wear the heart and waste the body. | 8 | ······/˘ |
| Soon my task will be completed, | 8 | ·····˘/˘ |
| Soon your footsteps I shall follow | 8 | ··/···/˘ |
| To the Islands of the Blessed, | 8 | ··/˘···˘ |
| To the Kingdom of Ponemah, | 8 | ··/˘···· |
| To the Land of the Hereafter!” | 8 | ·····˘/˘ |
The reader shows the same poem with its rhymes coloured and a stress row above each line, the notes beside their stanzas, and any word's definition on a tap; the analysis page takes the whole book apart. How every part of this site was made.