The Ruling Thought

Giacomo Leopardi (1798–1837), translated by Frederick Townsend · 1887

iambic pentameter · 146 lines · from The Poems of Leopardi

Omnipotent and kind,Lord of the deep recesses of my mind;In terrors clad, yet dearGift of the skies; so nearIn my gloom-darkened days,Thought upon which so oft I fix my gaze:

Thy nature unrevealedWho doth not contemplate? Who wears a shieldImpervious to thy power?Though tongue of man must sayWhat passion in his bosom beareth sway,All thou may'st utter seemeth new for aye.

How like a hermit loneWas this my spirit madeEven from the time thou didst my mind invade!As rapidly as lightnings flash and die,My other thoughts did fade,Not one remaining. Like a strong tower, highOn solitary plain,Thou, lonely giant, o'er my soul dost reign.

What to my visionary gaze becameAll things of earth, and allThat life can give, alone excepting thee!How on my spirit pallThe labours and the leisure,And vain desiring of still vainer pleasure,Compared unto that joy,That heavenly joy, which maketh thee my treasure!

As from the naked peaksOf rugged Appenine,With longing gaze the weary pilgrim seeksThe verdant meads that in the distance shine:Thus from the harsh and dryScene of the world, to thee I gladly fly,As to a beauteous garden, and I findThy fair abode unto my spirit kind.

I scarcely can believeThat I this life and our ignoble worldFor years of weary lengthWithout thee had the strengthTo bear. Hard to conceiveIt is that men aspire,Ignoring thee, to many a vain desire.

Ne'er from the hour when firstExperience taught me what this life can be,Did fear of death bring terror to my heart;And now a jest to meSeems what the world so baseAt times extols, but never dares to face,The necessary end:If any peril falleth to my part,Before its threat my spirit doth not bend.

I always held in scornThe craven and the mean;Now every deed, of lowly baseness born,Doth move my spirit keen;My soul doth flash with ireWhen human vileness desolates my view.This haughty age untrue,Feeding itself on barren hopes and vain,To folly gentle, and to virtue dire,That asks for things of use,Nor sees by what abuseOur life becometh useless more and more,I loathe, arising o'erIts meanness. Human acts I ne'er esteem;The crowd that doth disdainThy loveliness, in all I worthless deem.

What passion doth not yieldTo that inspired by thee?The one thou hast revealedAlone rules man in sovran majesty.Pride, hatred, avarice and fierce disdain,The zeal to shine and reign,What else than shadows vainAre they beside it? One affection livesAmong our race below,By laws eternal sentTo rule mankind, a lord omnipotent.

Life hath no meaning and not one delightExcept from that which unto man is all,The sole excuse of FateWho placed on earthly soilOur race to languish in such fruitless toil;Whereby alone at times,Not to the rabble, but the gentle heart,Life more than death appears the better part.To cull thy joys, O thought divinely sweet!The weight of human woes,Of life the weary chain,Were not endured in utter anguish vain;And I would even return,Versed as I am in every earthly ill,For such a goal to repursue the road.Of viper's sting and of the sands that burnI never felt the goadSo much, that, coming unto thy relief,It gave no balm unto terrestrial grief.

What wondrous worlds, what newImmensities, what Paradise is there,Where oft thy wizard power my spirit drewIn lofty flights, and whereBy other radiance than on earth e'er shined,I stray, nor to my mindMy earthly state recall, nor truth unkind!Such are, methinks, the dreamsOf the immortals. Ah! a dream, in sooth,Thou art, sweet thought, a garment to adornHarsh and unlovely truth,An error palpable. But even of thoseFair errors Nature shows,Thou art divine, because so strong and deep,That 'gainst the real thou thy ground dost keep;Thy power its equal seems,And only in death from mortal spirit goes.

And thou, indeed, my thought, unto my daysAlone the vital breath,Thou cherished cause of infinite despair,With me shalt fall beneath the stroke of death:I gather from the signs my soul displaysThat thou shalt reign, eternal monarch, there.All other errors, sweetDisperse on pinions fleetAt Truth's approach. And even the more I turnUpon her brow to gaze,Of whom with thee discoursing my days fly,The more the joyaunce grows,The frenzy wild whence my existence flows.Angelic loveliness!The fairest face that ever met mine eye,Methinks like image vainAttempts to rival thee. Thou art aloneThe fountain and the springOf every charm that can enchantment bring.

From when I saw thee first,What other care did ever prompt my heartThan love of thee? How much of day doth partWithout a thought of thine? In sleep immerst,When lay my weary soulBy dreams unhaunted of thy sovran form?As beautiful as dreamsThy angel vision seems.On earth below or in the distant spheres:What hope to me appearsOf finding aught more lovely than thine eyes,Or sweeter joyaunce than thy thought supplies?

Words in this poem 27
clad v.
To clothe. Holland.
contemplate v. t.
To look at on all sides or in all its bearings; to view or consider with continued attention; to regard with deliberate care; to meditate on; to study. [L. contemplatus, p.p. of contemplari to contemplate; con- + templum a space for observation marked out by the augur. See Temple.]
lone n.
A lane. See Loanin.
didst
, the 2d pers. sing. imp. of Do.
gladly adv.
Preferably; by choice. [From Glad, a.]
beauteous a.
Full of beauty; beautiful; very handsome. [Mostly poetic] -- Beau"te*ous*ly, adv. --
abode n.
Act of waiting; delay. [OE. abad, abood, fr. abiden to abide. See Abide. For the change of vowel, cf. abode, imp. of abide.]
aspire v. t.
To aspire to; to long for; to try to reach; to mount to.
jest n.
A deed; an action; a gest. [OE. jeste, geste, deed, action, story, tale, OF. geste, LL. gesta, orig., exploits, neut. pl. from L. gestus, p. p. of gerere to bear, carry, accomplish, perfor]
craven v. t.
To make recreant, weak, spiritless, or cowardly.
haughty a.
High; lofty; bold. [OE. hautein, F. hautain, fr. haut high, OF. also halt, fr. L. altus. See Altitude.]
dire a.
Ill-boding; portentous; as, dire omens. [L. dirus; of uncertain origin.]
loveliness n.
The state or quality of being lovely. [From Lovely.]
deem v. t.
To decide; to judge; to sentence; to condemn. [OE. demen to judge, condemn, AS. d, fr. d doom; akin to OFries. d, OS. ad, D. doemen, OHG. tuommen, Icel. dæma, Sw. dömma, Dan. dömme, Goth. d. See Doom, n., an]
hast
, 2d pers. sing. pres. of. Fave, contr. of havest.
sovran a.
A variant of Sovereign.
avarice n.
An excessive or inordinate desire of gain; greediness after wealth; covetousness; cupidity. [F. avaritia, fr. avarus avaricious, prob. fr. av to covert, fr. a root av to satiate one's self: cf. Gr. av to satiate one's self, rejoice, protect.]
languish v. i.
To cause to dr Shak.
fruitless a.
Lacking, or not bearing, fruit; barren; destitute of offspring; as, a fruitless tree or shrub; a fruitless marriage.
cull v. t.
To separate, select, or pick out; to choose and gather or collect; as, to cuil flowers. [OE., OF. cuillir, coillir, F.cueillir, to gather, pluck, pick, fr. L. colligere. See Coil, v. t., and cf. Collect.]
wondrous adv.
In a wonderful or surprising manner or degree; wonderfully. [OE. wonders, adv. (later also adj.). See Wonder, n., and cf. -wards.]
unkind a.
Having no race or kindred; childless. [See Kin kindred.]
methinks v.
It seems to me; I think. See Me. [AS. þyncan to seem, me þynceedh, me þuhte, OE. me thinketh, me thoughte; akin to G. dünken to seem, denken to think, and E. think. See Me, and Think.]
sooth a.
True; faithful; trustworthy. [OE. soth, AS. s, for san; akin to OS. s, OHG. sand, Icel. sannr, Sw. sann, Dan. sand, Skr. sat, sant, real, genuine, present, being; properly p. pr. from a root]
unlovely a.
Not lovely; not amiable; possessing qualities that excite dislike; disagreeable; displeasing; unpleasant.
shalt
2d per. sing. of Shall.
aught n.
Property; possession. [AS. , fr. agan to own, p. p. ahte.]

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

The Ruling Thought is in the public domain. This text is taken from The Poems of Leopardi, Project Gutenberg ebook #53020, the Frederick Townsend translation; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: Giacomo Leopardi, The Ruling Thought, in The Poems of Leopardi (1887), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #53020, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/leopardi-poems/the-ruling-thought.html, id L15304.

Form and metre

The Ruling Thought is 146 lines in 13 stanzas. 95% of its stressed syllables fall where the metre puts the beat. The lines average 8.1 syllables. 8 lines end on an unstressed syllable, a feminine ending. 40% of the lines run on without a stop at the line end.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 1 AABBCC kindA · mindA · dearB · nearB · daysC · gazeC
  2. 2 AA-BB- unrevealedA · shieldA · power · sayB · swayB · aye
  3. 3 -AABABCC lone · madeA · invadeA · dieB · fadeA · highB · plainC · reignC
  4. 4 -A-ABB-B became · allA · thee · pallA · leisureB · pleasureB · joy · treasureB
  5. 5 A-A-BBCC peaksA · appenine · seeksA · shine · dryB · flyB · findC · kindC
  6. 6 A-BBA-- believeA · world · lengthB · strengthB · conceiveA · aspire · desire
  7. 7 -ABACCDBD first · beA · heartB · meA · baseC · faceC · endD · partB · bendD
  8. 8 ABABCDDECFF--GEG scornA · meanB · bornA · keenB · ireC · viewD · untrueD · vainE · direC · useF · abuseF · more · o'er · esteemG · disdainE · deemG
  9. 9 A-A-BBB--CC yieldA · thee · revealedA · majesty · disdainB · reignB · vainB · lives · below · sentC · omnipotentC
  10. 10 ---AA-BB--CCD-EDEFF delight · all · fate · soilA · toilA · times · heartB · partB · sweet · woes · chainC · vainC · returnD · ill · roadE · burnD · goadE · reliefF · griefF
  11. 11 ABABCCCDE-EFFGGDF newA · thereB · drewA · whereB · shinedC · mindC · unkindC · dreamsD · soothE · adorn · truthE · thoseF · showsF · deepG · keepG · seemsD · goesF
  12. 12 ABCBACDD-AEFF-E--GG daysA · breathB · despairC · deathB · displaysA · thereC · sweetD · fleetD · turn · gazeA · flyE · growsF · flowsF · loveliness · eyeE · vain · alone · springG · bringG
  13. 13 ABBA--CCDDEE firstA · heartB · partB · immerstA · soul · form · dreamsC · seemsC · spheresD · appearsD · eyesE · suppliesE
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
Omnipotent and kind,6˘/˘˘··
Lord of the deep recesses of my mind;10····/˘˘···
In terrors clad, yet dear6·/˘···
Gift of the skies; so near6······
In my gloom-darkened days,6···/˘·
Thought upon which so oft I fix my gaze:10··········
Thy nature unrevealed6·/˘···
Who doth not contemplate? Who wears a shield10···/˘·····
Impervious to thy power?8˘/˘˘··/˘
Though tongue of man must say6······
What passion in his bosom beareth sway,10·/˘··/˘/˘·
All thou may'st utter seemeth new for aye.10···/˘/˘···
How like a hermit lone6···/˘·
Was this my spirit made6···/˘·
Even from the time thou didst my mind invade!10/·······˘/
As rapidly as lightnings flash and die,10·/˘˘·/˘···
My other thoughts did fade,6·/˘···
Not one remaining. Like a strong tower, high10··˘/˘···/·
On solitary plain,6·/˘·˘·
Thou, lonely giant, o'er my soul dost reign.10·/˘/˘·····
What to my visionary gaze became10···/˘·˘·˘/
All things of earth, and all6······
That life can give, alone excepting thee!10····˘/·/˘·
How on my spirit pall6···/˘·
The labours and the leisure,7·/˘··/˘
And vain desiring of still vainer pleasure,11··˘/˘····/˘
Compared unto that joy,6˘/····
That heavenly joy, which maketh thee my treasure!11·/˘······/˘
As from the naked peaks6···/˘·
Of rugged Appenine,6·/˘···
With longing gaze the weary pilgrim seeks10·/˘··/˘/˘·
The verdant meads that in the distance shine:10·/˘····/˘·
Thus from the harsh and dry6······
Scene of the world, to thee I gladly fly,10·······/˘·
As to a beauteous garden, and I find11···/˘˘/˘···
Thy fair abode unto my spirit kind.10··˘/···/˘·
I scarcely can believe6·/˘·˘/
That I this life and our ignoble world10·····/˘/˘·
For years of weary length6···/˘·
Without thee had the strength6······
To bear. Hard to conceive6····˘/
It is that men aspire,6····˘/
Ignoring thee, to many a vain desire.11˘/˘··/··˘/˘
Ne'er from the hour when first7···/˘··
Experience taught me what this life can be,10˘/˘·······
Did fear of death bring terror to my heart;10·····/˘···
And now a jest to me6······
Seems what the world so base6······
At times extols, but never dares to face,10··˘/·/˘···
The necessary end:6·/˘·˘·
If any peril falleth to my part,10·/˘/˘/˘···
Before its threat my spirit doth not bend.10·····/˘···
I always held in scorn6·/····
The craven and the mean;6·/˘···
Now every deed, of lowly baseness born,10·/˘··/˘/˘·
Doth move my spirit keen;6···/˘·
My soul doth flash with ire6······
When human vileness desolates my view.10·/˘···/˘··
This haughty age untrue,6·/˘·˘/
Feeding itself on barren hopes and vain,10/˘˘/·/˘···
To folly gentle, and to virtue dire,10·/˘/˘··/˘·
That asks for things of use,6······
Nor sees by what abuse6····˘/
Our life becometh useless more and more,10/·˘/˘/˘···
I loathe, arising o'er6··˘/˘·
Its meanness. Human acts I ne'er esteem;10·/˘/˘···˘/
The crowd that doth disdain6····˘/
Thy loveliness, in all I worthless deem.10·/˘˘···/˘·
What passion doth not yield6·/˘···
To that inspired by thee?7··˘/˘··
The one thou hast revealed6····˘/
Alone rules man in sovran majesty.10˘/···/˘/˘˘
Pride, hatred, avarice and fierce disdain,10·/˘/˘˘··˘/
The zeal to shine and reign,6······
What else than shadows vain6···/··
Are they beside it? One affection lives10··˘/··˘/˘·
Among our race below,7··/˘···
By laws eternal sent6··˘/˘·
To rule mankind, a lord omnipotent.10··//··˘/˘˘
Life hath no meaning and not one delight10···/˘···˘/
Except from that which unto man is all,10··········
The sole excuse of Fate6··˘/··
Who placed on earthly soil6···/˘·
Our race to languish in such fruitless toil;10/··/˘··/˘·
Whereby alone at times,6··˘/··
Not to the rabble, but the gentle heart,10···/˘··/˘·
Life more than death appears the better part.10····˘/·/˘·
To cull thy joys, O thought divinely sweet!10······˘/˘·
The weight of human woes,6···/˘·
Of life the weary chain,6···/˘·
Were not endured in utter anguish vain;10··˘/·/˘/˘·
And I would even return,7···/˘˘/
Versed as I am in every earthly ill,10·····/˘/˘·
For such a goal to repursue the road.9·········
Of viper's sting and of the sands that burn10·/˘·······
I never felt the goad6·/˘···
So much, that, coming unto thy relief,10···/˘···˘/
It gave no balm unto terrestrial grief.10······˘/˘·
What wondrous worlds, what new6·/˘···
Immensities, what Paradise is there,9····/˘···
Where oft thy wizard power my spirit drew10···/˘/·/˘·
In lofty flights, and where6·/˘···
By other radiance than on earth e'er shined,10·/˘/˘·····
I stray, nor to my mind6······
My earthly state recall, nor truth unkind!10·/˘·˘/··˘/
Such are, methinks, the dreams6··˘/··
Of the immortals. Ah! a dream, in sooth,10··˘/˘·····
Thou art, sweet thought, a garment to adorn10·····/˘·˘/
Harsh and unlovely truth,6··˘/˘·
An error palpable. But even of those10·/˘/˘˘·/··
Fair errors Nature shows,6·/˘/˘·
Thou art divine, because so strong and deep,10··˘/······
That 'gainst the real thou thy ground dost keep;9·········
Thy power its equal seems,7·/˘·/˘·
And only in death from mortal spirit goes.10·/˘···/˘/·
And thou, indeed, my thought, unto my days10··˘/······
Alone the vital breath,6˘/·/˘·
Thou cherished cause of infinite despair,10·/˘··/˘˘˘/
With me shalt fall beneath the stroke of death:10··········
I gather from the signs my soul displays10·/˘·····˘/
That thou shalt reign, eternal monarch, there.10····˘/˘/··
All other errors, sweet6·/˘/˘·
Disperse on pinions fleet6˘/·/˘·
At Truth's approach. And even the more I turn10··˘/·/····
Upon her brow to gaze,6······
Of whom with thee discoursing my days fly,10····/˘˘···
The more the joyaunce grows,5·····
The frenzy wild whence my existence flows.10·/˘···˘/˘·
Angelic loveliness!6·/˘/˘˘
The fairest face that ever met mine eye,10·/˘··/˘···
Methinks like image vain6˘/·/˘·
Attempts to rival thee. Thou art alone10˘/·/˘···˘/
The fountain and the spring6·/˘···
Of every charm that can enchantment bring.10·/˘···˘/˘·
From when I saw thee first,6······
What other care did ever prompt my heart10·/˘··/˘···
Than love of thee? How much of day doth part10··········
Without a thought of thine? In sleep immerst,10··········
When lay my weary soul6···/˘·
By dreams unhaunted of thy sovran form?10·······/˘·
As beautiful as dreams6·/˘˘··
Thy angel vision seems.6·/˘/˘·
On earth below or in the distant spheres:10·······/˘·
What hope to me appears6····˘/
Of finding aught more lovely than thine eyes,10·/˘··/˘···
Or sweeter joyaunce than thy thought supplies?9·/˘····˘/

The reader shows the same poem with its rhymes coloured and a stress row above each line, the notes beside their stanzas, and any word's definition on a tap; the analysis page takes the whole book apart. How every part of this site was made.

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