Solitude

Giacomo Leopardi (1798–1837), translated by Frederick Townsend · 1887

iambic pentameter · unrhymed · 110 lines · from The Poems of Leopardi

When on his roost the cock begins to crowAnd beat his wings; and to his work proceedsThe tiller of the soil; and on the dewsThe rising sun his flashing rays doth cast:Upon the panes the morning shower doth beat,Awaking me from slumber with its sound:And I arise and bless the filmy clouds,The birds that tune their notes, the pleasant windAnd the delightful verdure of the meads:Because, ye walls of unpropitious towns,I've seen and known ye far too well, where HateHaunteth Affliction, where I sorrowing live,And so shall die, would it were soon! At leastSome scanty pity is allowed my griefIn these abodes by Nature, once, alas!How kinder far to me! And thou as well,O Nature, turnest from the wretched; fullOf scorn for woe, thou payest homage vileTo Happiness, the universal queen.In Heaven and Earth no friend for the ill-starred,No refuge, death excepted, doth remain!At times I seat me in a lonely spot,Upon a hill, or by a calm lake's bank,Fringed and adorned with flowers taciturn.There, when full mid-day heat informs the sky,His peaceful image doth the sun depict,And to the air moves neither leaf nor herb,And neither ruffling wave nor cricket shrill,Nor birds disporting in the boughs above,Nor fluttering butterfly, nor voice nor stepAfar or near, can sight or hearing find.Those shores are held in deepest quietude:Whence I the world and even myself forget,Seated unmoved; and it appears to meMy body is released, no longer wornWith soul or feeling, and its old reposeIs blended with the silence all around.O fleeting Love! full many a day is goneSince from my bosom thou hast ta'en thy flight,Though fired of yore by most impassioned zeal.It hath been blighted by the frigid handOf cold misfortune, and is turned to iceEven in the time when it should blossom forth.The period I remember when thou firstDidst hold thy court within this heart of mine.It was the time, irrevocably sweet,When youthful eyes are opened to the sceneOf earthly sorrow, and it smiles on themAs though it were a paradise below.The guileless heart of youth doth gladly beatFor virgin hopes and for desires sublime;And the deluded mortal doth prepareFor all the labours of his days to come,As if they were a joyous festivalAnd gay carousah--But I scarcely saw,Love, thine approach, than Fortune harsh destroyedThe tenour of my life, and to these eyesNought else was seemly than eternal tears.But if at times along the sunny meadsIn early morn, or when meridian raysOn hills and plains and houses shed their light,I see the features of a maiden fair;Or when in the untroubled quietudeOf Summer night my vagrant steps proceedAnd guide me to the walls of near abodes,And I behold the lonely scene, and hearA maiden's thrilling voice, who in the hoursOf silent night accompanies her workWith joyous lay; emotion moves my heartThat seemed a stone; but it, alas! returnsEre long to wonted gloom: a stranger nowIs every tender feeling to my soul.O beauteous moon, unto whose tranquil rayThe forest things display their love; and inThe early dawn the hunter doth complain,Finding their traces intricate and false,Erroneous led astray: hail, O benignNocturnal Queen! Unwelcome falls thy lightIn lonely wood or mountainous recessOr ruined building empty, on the steelOf pallid bandit, who with eager earsHearkens afar unto the sound of wheelsAnd horses' hoofs, or to the steps that treadThe quiet road; then suddenly advancing,With clanking arms, and with a rough, rude voice.And with death-boding looks, chills with alarmThe wanderer's heart, and leaves him on the earthDespoiled and well-nigh dead. Unwelcome comesWithin the city precincts, thy clear lightTo paramour ignoble, who doth lurkNear walls and portals, hiding in the shadeOf secret gloom, and standing still and dreadingThe lamps that through the windows pour their ray,And peopled halls. Unwelcome to base minds,To me benign for ever shall thy sightAmid the regions be, where nothing elseThan happy hills and spacious fields thou showestUnto my gaze. And even I was wont,Though innocent my soul, to accuse thy rayDivinely fair in scenes inhabited,When offering me unto the sight of men,And showing human forms unto mine eye.Now shall I praise it ever, when I gazeUpon thee sailing 'mid the clouds, or thouSerenest ruler of ethereal spheres,Art looking down upon the abode of earth.Thou oft shalt see me, taciturn and lone,Wandering in bowers, or through the verdant meads,Or on the grass reclining, well contentIf I have leisure from deep heart to sigh.

Words in this poem 25
filmy a.
Composed of film or films.
shall v. i.
To owe; to be under obligation for. [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen,]
taciturn a.
Habitually silent; not given to converse; not apt to talk or speak. [L. taciturnus: cf. F. taciturne. See Tacit.]
afar adv.
At, to, or from a great distance; far away; -- often used with from preceding, or off following; as, he was seen from afar; I saw him afar off. [Pref. a-.(for on or of) + far.]
quietude n.
Rest; repose; quiet; tranquillity. Shelley. [L. quietudo: cf. F. quiétude.]
unmoved a.
Not moved; fixed; firm; unshaken; calm; apathetic.
hast
, 2d pers. sing. pres. of. Fave, contr. of havest.
yore adv.
In time long past; in old time; long since. [OE. , yare, , AS. geára;akin to geár a year, E. year. Year.]
impassioned p. p.
Actuated or characterized by passion or zeal; showing warmth of feeling; ardent; animated; excited; as, an impassioned orator or discourse.
didst
, the 2d pers. sing. imp. of Do.
guileless a.
Free from guile; artless.
gladly adv.
Preferably; by choice. [From Glad, a.]
tenour n.
A state of holding on in a continuous course; manner of continuity; constant mode; general tendency; course; career. [L., from tenere to hold; hence, properly, a holding on in a continued course: cf. F. teneur. See Tenable, and cf. Tenor a kind of voice.]
sunny a.
Of or pertaining to the sun; proceeding from, or resembling the sun; hence, shining; bright; brilliant; radiant.
morn n.
The first part of the day; the morning; -- used chiefly in poetry. [OE. morwen, morgen, AS. morgen; akin to D. morgen, OS. morgan, G. morgen, Icel. morginn, morgunn, Sw. morgon, Dan. morgen, Goth. maúrgins. Cf. Morrow, Morning.]
thrilling a.
Causing a thrill; causing tremulous excitement; deeply moving; as, a thrilling romance.
wonted a.
Accustomed; customary; usual.
beauteous a.
Full of beauty; beautiful; very handsome. [Mostly poetic] -- Beau"te*ous*ly, adv. --
bandit n.
An outlaw; a brigand. [It. bandito outlaw, p.p. of bandire to proclaim, to banish, to proscribe, LL. bandire, bannire. See Ban an edict, and cf. Banish.]
peopled a.
Stocked with, or as with, people; inhabited.
amid prep.
In the midst or middle of; surrounded or encompassed by; among. [OE. amidde, amiddes, on midden, AS. on middan, in the middle, fr. midde the middle. The s is an adverbial ending, originally marking the genitive; the t is a la]
inhabited a.
Uninhabited. Brathwait.
abode n.
Act of waiting; delay. [OE. abad, abood, fr. abiden to abide. See Abide. For the change of vowel, cf. abode, imp. of abide.]
shalt
2d per. sing. of Shall.
lone n.
A lane. See Loanin.

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

Solitude is in the public domain. This text is taken from The Poems of Leopardi, Project Gutenberg ebook #53020, the Frederick Townsend translation; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: Giacomo Leopardi, Solitude, in The Poems of Leopardi (1887), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #53020, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/leopardi-poems/solitude.html, id L15298.

Form and metre

Solitude is 110 lines in a single verse paragraph. It is unrhymed, as far as the pronouncing dictionary can tell. The metre is iambic pentameter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 90%). 96% of its stressed syllables fall where the metre puts the beat. The lines average 10.1 syllables. 8 lines end on an unstressed syllable, a feminine ending. 52% of the lines run on without a stop at the line end.

See other poems in iambic pentameter, other poems in blank verse.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 1 ---------------------------------------------A---A-----------B---B-------CC-C--------------------------------- crow · proceeds · dews · cast · beat · sound · clouds · wind · meads · towns · hate · live · least · grief · alas · well · full · vile · queen · starred · remain · spot · bank · taciturn · sky · depict · herb · shrill · above · step · find · quietude · forget · me · worn · repose · around · gone · flight · zeal · hand · ice · forth · first · mine · sweetA · scene · them · below · beatA · sublime · prepare · come · festival · saw · destroyed · eyes · tears · meads · rays · light · fairB · quietude · proceed · abodes · hearB · hours · work · heart · returns · now · soul · ray · inC · complainC · false · benignC · light · recess · steel · ears · wheels · tread · advancing · voice · alarm · earth · comes · light · lurk · shade · dreading · ray · minds · sight · else · showest · wont · ray · inhabited · men · eye · gaze · thou · spheres · earth · lone · meads · content · sigh
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against iambic pentameter. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
When on his roost the cock begins to crow10······˘/··
And beat his wings; and to his work proceeds10········˘/
The tiller of the soil; and on the dews10·/˘·······
The rising sun his flashing rays doth cast:10·/˘··/˘···
Upon the panes the morning shower doth beat,10·····/˘/··
Awaking me from slumber with its sound:10˘/˘··/˘···
And I arise and bless the filmy clouds,10··˘/···/˘·
The birds that tune their notes, the pleasant wind10·······/˘·
And the delightful verdure of the meads:10··˘/˘/˘···
Because, ye walls of unpropitious towns,10··········
I've seen and known ye far too well, where Hate10··········
Haunteth Affliction, where I sorrowing live,10/˘˘/˘··/˘·
And so shall die, would it were soon! At least10··········
Some scanty pity is allowed my grief10·/˘/˘·˘/··
In these abodes by Nature, once, alas!10··˘/·/˘·˘/
How kinder far to me! And thou as well,10·/˘·······
O Nature, turnest from the wretched; full10·/˘/˘··/˘·
Of scorn for woe, thou payest homage vile9······/˘·
To Happiness, the universal queen.10·/˘˘··˘/˘·
In Heaven and Earth no friend for the ill-starred,10·/········
No refuge, death excepted, doth remain!10·/˘·˘/˘·˘/
At times I seat me in a lonely spot,10·······/˘·
Upon a hill, or by a calm lake's bank,10··········
Fringed and adorned with flowers taciturn.10··˘/·/˘/˘·
There, when full mid-day heat informs the sky,10······˘/··
His peaceful image doth the sun depict,10·/˘/˘···˘/
And to the air moves neither leaf nor herb,10·····/˘···
And neither ruffling wave nor cricket shrill,10·/˘/˘··/˘·
Nor birds disporting in the boughs above,10··········
Nor fluttering butterfly, nor voice nor step10·/˘/˘·····
Afar or near, can sight or hearing find.10˘/·····/˘·
Those shores are held in deepest quietude:10·····/˘/˘˘
Whence I the world and even myself forget,10·····/·/˘/
Seated unmoved; and it appears to me10/˘˘/··˘/··
My body is released, no longer worn10·/˘·˘/·/˘·
With soul or feeling, and its old repose10···/˘···˘/
Is blended with the silence all around.10·/˘··/˘···
O fleeting Love! full many a day is gone10·/˘··/····
Since from my bosom thou hast ta'en thy flight,10···/˘·····
Though fired of yore by most impassioned zeal.10·/····˘/˘·
It hath been blighted by the frigid hand10···/˘··/˘·
Of cold misfortune, and is turned to ice10··˘/˘·····
Even in the time when it should blossom forth.10/······/˘·
The period I remember when thou first10·/˘·˘/˘···
Didst hold thy court within this heart of mine.10··········
It was the time, irrevocably sweet,10····˘/˘˘˘·
When youthful eyes are opened to the scene10·/˘··/˘···
Of earthly sorrow, and it smiles on them10·/˘/˘·····
As though it were a paradise below.10·····/˘···
The guileless heart of youth doth gladly beat10·/˘····/˘·
For virgin hopes and for desires sublime;10·/˘···˘/˘/
And the deluded mortal doth prepare10··˘/˘/˘·˘/
For all the labours of his days to come,10···/˘·····
As if they were a joyous festival10·····/˘/˘˘
And gay carousah--But I scarcely saw,10·······/˘·
Love, thine approach, than Fortune harsh destroyed10··˘/·/˘·˘/
The tenour of my life, and to these eyes10·/˘·······
Nought else was seemly than eternal tears.10···/˘·˘/˘·
But if at times along the sunny meads10····˘/·/˘·
In early morn, or when meridian rays10·/˘···˘/˘·
On hills and plains and houses shed their light,10·····/˘···
I see the features of a maiden fair;10···/˘··/˘·
Or when in the untroubled quietude10····˘/˘/˘˘
Of Summer night my vagrant steps proceed10·/˘··/˘·˘/
And guide me to the walls of near abodes,10········˘/
And I behold the lonely scene, and hear10··˘/·/˘···
A maiden's thrilling voice, who in the hours11·/˘/˘····/˘
Of silent night accompanies her work10·/˘·˘/˘˘··
With joyous lay; emotion moves my heart10·/˘·˘/˘···
That seemed a stone; but it, alas! returns10······˘/˘/
Ere long to wonted gloom: a stranger now10···/˘··/˘·
Is every tender feeling to my soul.10·/˘/˘/˘···
O beauteous moon, unto whose tranquil ray11·/˘˘····/˘·
The forest things display their love; and in10·/˘·˘/····
The early dawn the hunter doth complain,10·/˘··/˘·˘/
Finding their traces intricate and false,10/˘·/˘/˘˘··
Erroneous led astray: hail, O benign10˘/˘·˘/··˘/
Nocturnal Queen! Unwelcome falls thy light10˘/˘·˘/˘···
In lonely wood or mountainous recess10·/˘··/˘˘˘/
Or ruined building empty, on the steel10·/˘/˘/˘···
Of pallid bandit, who with eager ears10·/˘/˘··/˘·
Hearkens afar unto the sound of wheels10/˘˘/······
And horses' hoofs, or to the steps that tread10·/˘·······
The quiet road; then suddenly advancing,11·/˘··/˘˘˘/˘
With clanking arms, and with a rough, rude voice.10·/˘·······
And with death-boding looks, chills with alarm10···/˘···˘/
The wanderer's heart, and leaves him on the earth10·/˘·······
Despoiled and well-nigh dead. Unwelcome comes10······˘/˘·
Within the city precincts, thy clear light10···/˘/····
To paramour ignoble, who doth lurk10·/˘˘˘/˘···
Near walls and portals, hiding in the shade10···/˘/˘···
Of secret gloom, and standing still and dreading11·/˘··/˘··/˘
The lamps that through the windows pour their ray,10·····/˘···
And peopled halls. Unwelcome to base minds,10·/˘·˘/˘···
To me benign for ever shall thy sight10··˘/·/˘···
Amid the regions be, where nothing else10˘/·/˘··/˘·
Than happy hills and spacious fields thou showest11·/˘··/˘··/˘
Unto my gaze. And even I was wont,10·····/˘···
Though innocent my soul, to accuse thy ray10·/˘···˘/··
Divinely fair in scenes inhabited,10˘/˘···˘/˘˘
When offering me unto the sight of men,10·/˘·······
And showing human forms unto mine eye.10·/˘/˘·····
Now shall I praise it ever, when I gaze10·····/˘···
Upon thee sailing 'mid the clouds, or thou10···/˘·····
Serenest ruler of ethereal spheres,10˘/˘/˘·˘/˘·
Art looking down upon the abode of earth.11·/˘····˘/··
Thou oft shalt see me, taciturn and lone,10·····/˘···
Wandering in bowers, or through the verdant meads,10/˘·/···/˘·
Or on the grass reclining, well content10····˘/˘·˘/
If I have leisure from deep heart to sigh.10···/˘·····

The reader shows the same poem with its rhymes coloured and a stress row above each line, the notes beside their stanzas, and any word's definition on a tap; the analysis page takes the whole book apart. How every part of this site was made.

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