How Suhráb was slain by Rustam

Ferdowsi (940–1025), translated by Arthur George Warner and Edmond Warner · 1906

iambic pentameter · 172 lines · from Rustam and Sohrab (from the Shahnama)

They tied their steeds while fate malignantlyRevolved o'erhead, and when dark fate is wrothFlint rocks become like wax. The two beganTo wrestle, holding by their leathern belts.As for Suhráb thou wouldst have said: "High heavenHath hampered him," while Rustam reaching clutchedThat warrior-leopard by the head and neck,Bent down the body of the gallant youth,Whose time was come and all whose strength was gone,And like a lion dashed him to the ground;Then, knowing that Suhráb would not stay under,Drew lightly from his waist his trenchant swordAnd gashed the bosom of his gallant son.

Whenever thou dost thirst for blood and stainTherewith thy glittering dagger, destinyWill be athirst for thy blood, and ordainEach hair of thine to be a sword for thee.

Suhráb cried: "Ah!" and writhed. Naught recked he thenOf good or ill. "I am alone to blame,"He said to Rustam. "Fate gave thee my key.This hump-backed sky reared me to slay me soon.Men of my years will mock me since my neckHath thus come down to dust. My mother told meHow I should recognise my father. ISought him in love and die of my desire.Alas! my toils are vain, I have not seen him.Now wert thou fish, or wrapped like night in gloom,Or quit of earth wast soaring like a star,My father would avenge me when he seethMy pillow bricks. Some chief will say to Rustam:—'Suhráb was slain and flung aside in scornWhile seeking thee.'"

Then Rustam grew distraught,The world turned black, his body failed; o'ercomeHe sank upon the ground and swooned away;Till coming to himself he cried in anguish:—"Where is the proof that thou art Rustam's son?May his name perish from among the great,For I am Rustam! Be my name forgotten,And may the son of Sám sit mourning me!"

He raved, his blood seethed, and with groans he pluckedHis hair up by the roots, while at the sightSuhráb sank swooning till at length he cried:—"If thou indeed art Rustam thou hast slain meIn wanton malice, for I made advances,But naught that I could do would stir thy love.Undo my breastplate, view my body bare,Behold thy jewel, see how sires treat sons!The drums beat at my gate, my mother cameWith blood-stained cheeks and stricken to the soulBecause I went. She bound this on mine armAnd said: 'Preserve this keepsake of thy father'sAnd mark its virtue.' It is mighty now,Now when the strife is over and the sonIs nothing to his sire."

When Rustam loosedThe mail and saw the gem he rent his clothes,And cried: "Oh! my brave son, approved by allAnd slain by me!"

With dust upon his headAnd streaming face he rent his locks untilHis blood ran down.

"Nay, this is worse and worse,"Suhráb said. "Wherefore weep? What will it profitTo slay thyself? What was to be hath been."

When day declined and Rustam came not backThere went forth twenty trusty warriorsTo learn the issue. Both the steeds were standingBemoiled with dust, but Rustam was not there.The nobles, thinking that he had been slain,Went to Káús in consternation saying:—"The throne of majesty is void of Rustam!"

A cry went up throughout the host and allWas in confusion. Then Káús bade soundThe drums and trumpets, Tús came, and the SháhSaid to the troops: "Dispatch a messengerThat he may find out what Suhráb hath done,And if there must be mourning through Írán.None will confront him with brave Rustam dead.We must attack in force and speedily."

While clamour raged Suhráb said thus to Rustam:—"The Turkmans' case is altered since my dayIs done. Use all thine influence that the SháhMay not attack them. They approached ÍránThrough trust in me, and I encouraged them.How could I tell, O famous paladin!That I should perish by my father's hand?Let them depart unscathed, and treat them kindly.I had a warrior in yonder holdCaught by my lasso. Him I often askedTo point thee out: mine eyes looked ever for thee.He told me all but this. His place is void.His words o'er-cast my day, and I despaired.See who he is and let him not be harmed.I marked in thee the tokens that my motherDescribed but trusted not mine eyes. The starsDecreed that I should perish by thy hand.I came like lightning and like wind I go.In heaven I may look on thee with joy."

Then Rustam choked, his heart was full of fire,His eyes of tears. He mounted quick as dustAnd came with lamentations to the hostIn grievous consternation at his deed.The Íránians catching sight of him fell prostrateAnd gave God praise that Rustam had returned,But when they saw the dust upon his dead,His clothes and bosom rent, they questioned him:"What meaneth this? For whom art thou thus troubled?"

He told the fearful deed, and all beganTo mourn aloud with him. His anguish grew.He told the nobles: "I have lost to-dayAll strength and courage. Fight not with Túrán:I have done harm enough."

Zawára cameWith breast and raiment rent and body wounded,Whom Rustam told about his slaughtered son,And added: "I repent me of my deed,And have unmeasured retribution. IHave slain my son now when my head is grey.He is cut off both root and stem, his loinsAre pierced, and heaven will weep for him for ever."

He sent and told Húmán: "The scimitarOf war is sheathed and thou commandest now.Watch o'er thy host. This is no day for fightOr further words with thee because through maliceThou didst not speak but sear my life and eyes."

Then to Zawára said the paladin:—"Escort Húmán, brave hero! to the river,Eschewing every act of violence."

Zawára went forthwith and gave the message,And he—the warrior that taught SuhrábThe art of war—thus answered: "'Twas Hajír,That evil-purposed stirrer up of strife,Who hid the matter of your general,And when Suhráb sought token of his sireSpake not but left his mind in ignorance.The black behaviour of Hajír hath broughtThis ill on us. His head should be struck off."

Zawára came back to inform the heroAbout Húmán, the host, of what Hajír,The evil and malevolent, had done,And how Suhráb had perished by his means.The hero was distracted at the words,The world grew dark before his eyes, he quittedThe battlefield and coming to HajírLaid hold upon his throat and threw him down,Then drawing forth a dagger of bright steelWas minded to behead him, but the noblesTook part with him and saved him from death's door.Then Rustam hurried to his wounded sonWith Tús, Gúdarz, and Gustaham, while allThe troops, concerned for Rustam, said to him:—"God will provide a remedy for this,And make thy sorrow easy."

Rustam seizedA dagger to behead himself, but weepingTheir own hearts' blood the chieftains hung on him.Gúdarz said: "Will it help thee to send upThe world in smoke? Though thou shalt do thyselfA hundred harms, how will it soothe thy darling?If there remaineth time for him on earthHe will remain; do thou remain with him;But, if the youth is passing from the world,Think! Who abideth in the world for ever?We are the quarry, and death hunteth usNo matter whether we wear casque or crown,But all are borne out when their end hath come,And afterward we wot not how they do.Our tears are needed on our own account.Who is there, chieftain! free from dread of Death?However long or short the way may beWe scatter when he joineth company."

Words in this poem 36
malignantly adv.
In a malignant manner.
wroth a.
Full of wrath; angry; incensed; much exasperated; wrathful. [OE. wroth, wrap, AS. wraedh wroth, crooked, bad; akin to wriedhan to writhe, and to OS. wreedhangry, D. wreed cruel, OHG. reid twisted, Icel. reiedhr angry, Dan]
wrestle v. i.
To contend, by grappling with, and striving to trip or throw down, an opponent; as, they wrestled skillfully. [OE. wrestlen, wrastlen, AS. wr, freq. of wr to wrest; akin to OD. wrastelen to wrestle. See Wrest, v. t.]
leathern a.
Made of leather; consisting of. leather; as, a leathern purse.
trenchant a.
Fitted to trench or cut; gutting; sharp. [OF. trenchant, F. tranchant, p. pr. See Trench, v. t.]
therewith adv.
With that or this.
athirst a.
Wanting drink; thirsty. [OE. ofthurst, AS. ofpyrsted, p. p. of ofpyrstan; pref. of-, intensive + pyrstan to thirst. See Thirst.]
recognise v. t.
To know again; to perceive the identity of, with a person or thing previously known; to recover or recall knowledge of. [From Recognizance; see Cognition, and cf. Reconnoiter.]
wast
The second person singular of the verb be, in the indicative mood, imperfect tense; -- now used only in solemn or poetical style.
distraught p. p.
Torn asunder; separated. [OE. distract, distrauht. See Distract, a.]
hast
, 2d pers. sing. pres. of. Fave, contr. of havest.
stricken p. p.
Struck; smitten; wounded; as, the stricken deer.
went n.
Course; way; path; journey; direction.
keepsake n.
Anything kept, or given to be kept, for the sake of the giver; a token of friendship.
strife n.
The act of striving; earnest endeavor. [OF. estrif. See Strive.]
sire n.
A lord, master, or other person in authority. See Sir. [F. sire, originally, an older person. See Sir.]
streaming a.
Sending forth streams.
wherefore adv.
For which reason; so; -- used relatively. [Where + for.]
consternation n.
Amazement or horror that confounds the faculties, and incapacitates for refletion; terror, combined with amaxement; dismay. [L. consternatio, fr. consternare to overome, perplex, an accessory form of consternere to trow down, prostrate; con + sternere to spread out, throw down: cf. F.]
bade
A form of the pat tense of Bid.
trumpets n.
A plant (Sarracenia flava) with long, hollow leaves.
confront v. t.
To stand facing or in front of; to face; esp. to face hostilely; to oppose with firmness.
clamour n.
A great outcry or vociferation; loud and continued shouting or exclamation. [OF. clamour, clamur, F. clameur, fr. L. clamor, fr. clamare to cry out. See Claim.]
paladin n.
A knight-errant; a distinguished champion; as, the paladins of Charlemagne. [F., fr.It. paladino, fr. L. palatinus an officer of the palace. See Palatine.]
depart v. i.
To part; to divide; to separate. [OE. departen to divide, part, depart, F. départir to divide, distribute, se départir to separate one's self, depart; pref. dé- (L. de) + partir to part, depart,]
yonder adv.
At a distance, but within view. [OE. yonder, ýonder; cf. OD. ginder, Goth. jaindr there. Yond, adv.]
aloud adv.
With a loud voice, or great noise; loudly; audibly. [Pref. a- + loud.]
repent a.
Prostrate and rooting; -- said of stems. Gray. [L. repens, -entis, creeping, p. pr. of repere to creep.]
scimitar n.
A saber with a much curved blade having the edge on the convex side, -- in use among Mohammedans, esp., the Arabs and persians. [F. cimeterre, cf. It. scimitarra, Sp. cimitarra; fr. Biscayan cimetarry with a sharp edge; or corrupted from Per. shimshir.]
didst
, the 2d pers. sing. imp. of Do.
forthwith adv.
Immediately; without delay; directly.
stirrer n.
One who, or that which, stirs something; also, one who moves about, especially after sleep; as, an early stirrer. Shak. Stirrer up, an instigator or inciter. Atterbury.
behead v. t.
To sever the head from; to take off the head of. [OE. bihefden, AS. beheáfdian; pref. be- + heáfod head. See Head.]
shalt
2d per. sing. of Shall.
soothe v. t.
To assent to as true. Testament of Love. [Originally, to assent to as true; OE. so to verify, AS. ges to prove the truth of, to bear witness. See Sooth, a.]
casque n.
A piece of defensive or ornamental armor (with or without a vizor) for the head and neck; a helmet. [F. casque, fr. Sp. casco See Cask.]

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

How Suhráb was slain by Rustam is in the public domain. This text is taken from The Shahnama of Firdausi, done into English by Arthur George Warner and Edmond Warner, vol. II (Trübner’s Oriental Series), London, 1906; Part III, Suhráb (sections 1 to 25), Internet Archive, the Arthur George Warner and Edmond Warner translation; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: Ferdowsi, How Suhráb was slain by Rustam, in Rustam and Sohrab (from the Shahnama) (1906), text of Internet Archive, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/ferdowsi-rustam-and-sohrab/21.html, id L29119.

Form and metre

How Suhráb was slain by Rustam is 172 lines in 19 stanzas. The metre is iambic pentameter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 89%).

See other poems in iambic pentameter.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 1 --A-A---A---- malignantly · wroth · beganA · belts · heavenA · clutched · neck · youth · goneA · ground · under · sword · son
  2. 2 A-A- stainA · destiny · ordainA · thee
  3. 3 --A--AA-------A then · blame · keyA · soon · neck · meA · iA · desire · him · gloom · star · seeth · rustam · scorn · theeA
  4. 4 ----A-A- distraught · o'ercome · away · anguish · sonA · great · forgottenA · me
  5. 10 --A--A-- all · sound · — · messenger · done · — · dead · speedily
  6. 11 --AA--B---------B-- rustam · day · — · — · them · paladin · handB · kindly · hold · asked · thee · void · despaired · harmed · mother · stars · handB · go · joy
  7. 14 -A-A---- came · woundedA · son · deedA · i · grey · loins · ever
  8. 18 -AB---A----B---- hero · hajírA · doneB · means · words · quitted · hajírA · down · steel · nobles · door · sonB · all · him · this · easy
  9. 19 --A----A---------- seized · weeping · himA · up · thyself · darling · earth · himA · world · ever · us · crown · come · do · account · death · be · company
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against iambic pentameter. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
They tied their steeds while fate malignantly10······˘/˘˘
Revolved o'erhead, and when dark fate is wroth10˘/········
Flint rocks become like wax. The two began10··˘/····˘/
To wrestle, holding by their leathern belts.10·/˘/˘··/˘·
As for Suhráb thou wouldst have said: "High heaven11·········/˘
Hath hampered him," while Rustam reaching clutched10·/˘····/˘·
That warrior-leopard by the head and neck,10·/˘/˘·····
Bent down the body of the gallant youth,10···/˘··/˘·
Whose time was come and all whose strength was gone,10··········
And like a lion dashed him to the ground;10···/˘·····
Then, knowing that Suhráb would not stay under,10·/········
Drew lightly from his waist his trenchant sword10·/˘····/˘·
And gashed the bosom of his gallant son.10···/˘··/˘·
Whenever thou dost thirst for blood and stain10˘/˘·······
Therewith thy glittering dagger, destiny11˘/·/˘˘/˘/˘˘
Will be athirst for thy blood, and ordain10··˘/····˘/
Each hair of thine to be a sword for thee.10··········
Suhráb cried: "Ah!" and writhed. Naught recked he then10··········
Of good or ill. "I am alone to blame,"10······˘/··
He said to Rustam. "Fate gave thee my key.10··········
This hump-backed sky reared me to slay me soon.10··········
Men of my years will mock me since my neck10··········
Hath thus come down to dust. My mother told me11·······/˘··
How I should recognise my father. I10···/˘··/˘·
Sought him in love and die of my desire.11········˘/˘
Alas! my toils are vain, I have not seen him.11˘/·········
Now wert thou fish, or wrapped like night in gloom,10··········
Or quit of earth wast soaring like a star,10·····/˘···
My father would avenge me when he seeth10·/˘·˘/····
My pillow bricks. Some chief will say to Rustam:—11·/˘········
'Suhráb was slain and flung aside in scorn10······˘/··
While seeking thee.'"4·/˘·
Then Rustam grew distraught,6····˘/
The world turned black, his body failed; o'ercome10·····/˘···
He sank upon the ground and swooned away;10········˘/
Till coming to himself he cried in anguish:—11·/˘·˘/···/˘
"Where is the proof that thou art Rustam's son?10··········
May his name perish from among the great,10···/˘·····
For I am Rustam! Be my name forgotten,11········˘/˘
And may the son of Sám sit mourning me!"10·······/˘·
He raved, his blood seethed, and with groans he plucked10··········
His hair up by the roots, while at the sight10··········
Suhráb sank swooning till at length he cried:—10···/˘·····
"If thou indeed art Rustam thou hast slain me11··˘/·······
In wanton malice, for I made advances,11·/˘/˘···˘/˘
But naught that I could do would stir thy love.10··········
Undo my breastplate, view my body bare,10˘/·/···/˘·
Behold thy jewel, see how sires treat sons!10˘/·/˘·····
The drums beat at my gate, my mother came10·······/˘·
With blood-stained cheeks and stricken to the soul10·····/˘···
Because I went. She bound this on mine arm10··········
And said: 'Preserve this keepsake of thy father's11··˘/·/···/˘
And mark its virtue.' It is mighty now,10···/˘··/˘·
Now when the strife is over and the son10··········
Is nothing to his sire."7·/˘··/˘
When Rustam loosed4····
The mail and saw the gem he rent his clothes,10··········
And cried: "Oh! my brave son, approved by all10······˘/··
And slain by me!"4····
With dust upon his head6······
And streaming face he rent his locks until10·/˘·······
His blood ran down.4····
"Nay, this is worse and worse,"6······
Suhráb said. "Wherefore weep? What will it profit11···/˘····/˘
To slay thyself? What was to be hath been."10··˘/······
When day declined and Rustam came not back10··˘/······
There went forth twenty trusty warriors10···/˘/˘/˘˘
To learn the issue. Both the steeds were standing11···/˘····/˘
Bemoiled with dust, but Rustam was not there.10··········
The nobles, thinking that he had been slain,10·/˘/˘·····
Went to Káús in consternation saying:—11······˘/˘/˘
"The throne of majesty is void of Rustam!"10···/˘·····
A cry went up throughout the host and all10··········
Was in confusion. Then Káús bade sound10··˘/˘·····
The drums and trumpets, Tús came, and the Sháh10···/˘//···
Said to the troops: "Dispatch a messenger10····˘/·/˘˘
That he may find out what Suhráb hath done,10··········
And if there must be mourning through Írán.10·····/˘···
None will confront him with brave Rustam dead.10··˘/······
We must attack in force and speedily."10··˘/···/˘˘
While clamour raged Suhráb said thus to Rustam:—11·/˘········
"The Turkmans' case is altered since my day10·····/˘···
Is done. Use all thine influence that the Sháh10·····/˘˘··
May not attack them. They approached Írán10··˘/··˘/··
Through trust in me, and I encouraged them.10······˘/˘·
How could I tell, O famous paladin!10·····/˘/˘˘
That I should perish by my father's hand?10···/˘··/˘·
Let them depart unscathed, and treat them kindly.11··˘/˘/···/˘
I had a warrior in yonder hold10···/˘˘·/˘·
Caught by my lasso. Him I often asked10···/˘··/˘·
To point thee out: mine eyes looked ever for thee.10·······/··
He told me all but this. His place is void.10··········
His words o'er-cast my day, and I despaired.10········˘/
See who he is and let him not be harmed.10··········
I marked in thee the tokens that my mother11·····/˘··/˘
Described but trusted not mine eyes. The stars10˘/·/˘·····
Decreed that I should perish by thy hand.10˘/···/˘···
I came like lightning and like wind I go.10···/˘·····
In heaven I may look on thee with joy."10·/˘·······
Then Rustam choked, his heart was full of fire,11·········/˘
His eyes of tears. He mounted quick as dust10·····/˘···
And came with lamentations to the host10··········
In grievous consternation at his deed.10·/˘·˘/˘···
The Íránians catching sight of him fell prostrate11···/˘····/˘
And gave God praise that Rustam had returned,10········˘/
But when they saw the dust upon his dead,10··········
His clothes and bosom rent, they questioned him:10···/˘··/˘·
"What meaneth this? For whom art thou thus troubled?"11·/˘······/˘
He told the fearful deed, and all began10···/˘···˘/
To mourn aloud with him. His anguish grew.10··˘/···/˘·
He told the nobles: "I have lost to-day10···/˘·····
All strength and courage. Fight not with Túrán:10···/˘·····
I have done harm enough."6····˘/
Zawára came4····
With breast and raiment rent and body wounded,11···/˘··/˘/˘
Whom Rustam told about his slaughtered son,10·······/˘·
And added: "I repent me of my deed,10·/˘·˘/····
And have unmeasured retribution. I10······˘/˘·
Have slain my son now when my head is grey.10··········
He is cut off both root and stem, his loins10··········
Are pierced, and heaven will weep for him for ever."11···/·····/˘
He sent and told Húmán: "The scimitar10··········
Of war is sheathed and thou commandest now.10······˘/˘·
Watch o'er thy host. This is no day for fight10··········
Or further words with thee because through malice11·/˘······/˘
Thou didst not speak but sear my life and eyes."10··········
Then to Zawára said the paladin:—10·······/˘˘
"Escort Húmán, brave hero! to the river,11˘/···/˘··/˘
Eschewing every act of violence."11·/˘/˘˘··/˘˘
Zawára went forthwith and gave the message,11····//···/˘
And he—the warrior that taught Suhráb10···/˘˘····
The art of war—thus answered: "'Twas Hajír,10·····/˘···
That evil-purposed stirrer up of strife,10·/˘/˘/˘···
Who hid the matter of your general,10···/˘··/˘˘
And when Suhráb sought token of his sire11·····/˘··/˘
Spake not but left his mind in ignorance.10·······/˘˘
The black behaviour of Hajír hath brought10··˘/˘·····
This ill on us. His head should be struck off."10··········
Zawára came back to inform the hero11······˘/·/˘
About Húmán, the host, of what Hajír,10··········
The evil and malevolent, had done,10·/˘·˘/˘˘··
And how Suhráb had perished by his means.10·····/˘···
The hero was distracted at the words,10·/˘·˘/˘···
The world grew dark before his eyes, he quitted11·········/˘
The battlefield and coming to Hajír10·/˘··/˘···
Laid hold upon his throat and threw him down,10··········
Then drawing forth a dagger of bright steel10·/˘··/˘···
Was minded to behead him, but the nobles11·/˘·˘/···/˘
Took part with him and saved him from death's door.10··········
Then Rustam hurried to his wounded son10···/˘··/˘·
With Tús, Gúdarz, and Gustaham, while all11·//········
The troops, concerned for Rustam, said to him:—10··˘/······
"God will provide a remedy for this,10··˘/·/˘˘··
And make thy sorrow easy."7···/˘/˘
Rustam seized3···
A dagger to behead himself, but weeping11·/˘·˘/˘/·/˘
Their own hearts' blood the chieftains hung on him.10·····/˘···
Gúdarz said: "Will it help thee to send up10··········
The world in smoke? Though thou shalt do thyself10········˘/
A hundred harms, how will it soothe thy darling?11·/˘······/˘
If there remaineth time for him on earth10··˘/˘·····
He will remain; do thou remain with him;10··˘/··˘/··
But, if the youth is passing from the world,10·····/˘···
Think! Who abideth in the world for ever?11··/˘˘····/˘
We are the quarry, and death hunteth us10···/˘··/˘·
No matter whether we wear casque or crown,10·/˘·······
But all are borne out when their end hath come,10··········
And afterward we wot not how they do.10·/˘˘······
Our tears are needed on our own account.10/··/˘·/·˘/
Who is there, chieftain! free from dread of Death?10···/˘·····
However long or short the way may be10·/˘·······
We scatter when he joineth company."10·/˘··/˘/˘˘

The reader shows the same poem with its rhymes coloured and a stress row above each line, the notes beside their stanzas, and any word's definition on a tap; the analysis page takes the whole book apart. How every part of this site was made.

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