How Káús wrote to Rustam and summoned him from Zábulistán

Ferdowsi (940–1025), translated by Arthur George Warner and Edmond Warner · 1906

iambic pentameter · 127 lines · from Rustam and Sohrab (from the Shahnama)

The Sháh then bade indite to famous RustamA letter, and began by praising him:—"Be thy heart prudent and thy spirit bright.Know that a Turkman chieftain with his hostHath come and is beleaguering White Castle.He is a brave, heroic paladin,In form an elephant, in heart a lion.None in Írán can fight him; thou alone,That art so good at need, canst dim his lustre,Thou heart and back-bone of the Íránian chiefs,Who hast the claws and might of lions! ThouDidst take the country of Mázandarán,And in Hámávarán undo our bonds.Sol weepeth at thy mace, and at thy swordMars grilleth. Indigo is not so darkAs dust-clouds raised by Rakhsh; no elephantCan match thee in the fight; thou lassoest lions;Thy spear-point scatheth mountains. In all illsThou art the shelter of Írán. The warriorsThrough thee exalt their helms. A grievous matterConfronteth us; I ache to think thereof.The warriors in counsel read a letterFrom Gazhdaham and were agreed that GívShould bear thee this account of good and ill.Now when thou readest this by day or nightOpe not thy lips for words, and if thou haveA posy in thy hand stay not to smell it,But act with promptitude and show thy face,Because unless thou march forth from ZábulWith wary horsemen and shalt raise the war-cry,To judge by that which Gazhdaham hath toldNone will confront this warrior."

This sealedThe Sháh gave swift as wind to gallant Gív,And said: "Be instant, ply thy fleet steed's rein.Whenas thou reachest Rustam neither tarry,Nor sleep, within Zábul; if thou arriveBy night return next day. Thus say to him:—'A war is imminent, and in thine absenceWe cannot hold the foe of small account.'"

Gív took it and sped night and day like wind,No rest, no sleep, no water, and no food,Until Zál heard the cry: "A cavalierApproacheth from Írán as swift as dust."

The matchless Rustam met him with the troopsAnd nobles wearing helmets. When they met,Gív and the warriors great and small dismounted,And Rustam too who asked news of the Sháh,And of Írán. They went thence to his palaceTo rest awhile. Gív told his errand, gaveThe letter, spake much of Suhráb, deliveredHis other tidings and the presents sent.When Rustam heard and read he laughed amazed,And said: "A horseman hath appeared like Sám!Now from our people this would not be strange,But from the Turkmans 'tis incredible.None sayeth, and I know not, whence he is.The daughter of the king of SamangánBare me a son but he is still a child.The noble boy at present wotteth notOf warfare, of attack, and self-defence.I sent his mother gold and precious stonesIn plenty, and the messenger brought answer:—'The darling is not growing very fast,But quaffeth wine with lips that savour milk.'No doubt he will be eager soon for war,And then his onslaught will be lion-like;He will lay low the head of many a horseman;But as for what thou sayest, O paladin!'He came to fight us, vanquished brave Hajír,And bound him with the lasso head and foot!'The Lion's whelp, though grown both brave and doughty,Could not do that. Come, go we to Zál's palace,Rejoicing, then consider plans and whoThis lucky Turkman paladin may be."

They sought the ancestral hall and stayed awhileIn unconcern, then Gív again appliedTo Rustam, praising him and saying: "Hero,And chief of paladins! may crown and throneBe bright to thee who art the crown's adornment,Thou favourite of fortune! Sháh KáúsSaid thus: 'Sleep not within Zábulistán.If thou arrive by night return next day,For God forbid that war should press on us.'Now, O exalted and most glorious chief!Let us depart in all haste to Írán."

But Rustam answered: "There is naught to fear,For everything will end in dust at last.Abide we here to-day in merrimentNaught recking of Káús and of the chiefs.One day will we remain to breathe ourselvesAnd put some liquor to our thirsty lips;Thereafter we will hasten to the SháhAnd show the heroes of Írán the wayIn case bright fortune be not yet awake.At all events the matter is a trifle,The rising sea will quench the fiercest flame.E'en from afar my flag will fray his heartAmid a feast. How can he be like Rustam—The master of the scimitar and mace—Or Sám the hardy, brave, and circumspect?He will not prove so eager for the fray.We need not take such matters seriously."

They took the wine in hand and grew bemusedWith drinking to the monarch and to Zál.Next morning Rustam though crop-sick made readyTo start, but tarrying through drunkennessGave orders to the cooks to spread a feast.The banquet done they held a drinking-boutAnd called for wine and harp and minstrelsy.Next day he held another sunny-brightAnd on the third day brought out wine at dawn,Forgetful of Káús. Upon the fourthGív, ready to depart, said thus to Rustam:—"Káús is rash and hasty; to his mindThis is no trifle. He was vexed and anxious,And would not eat or slumber or repose.By thus delaying in ZábulistánWe place him in a strait; he will be wrothAnd in his headstrong humour seek revenge."

But Rustam answered: "Give it not a thought,For none will chafe at us."

He gave commandTo saddle Rakhsh and blow the brazen trumpets.The horsemen of Zábul came at the callIn mail—a mighty army. He thereinInstalled Zawára as chief paladin.

Words in this poem 35
bade
A form of the pat tense of Bid.
indite v. t.
To compose; to write; to be author of; to dictate; to prompt. [OE. enditen to indite, indict, OF. enditer to indicate, show, dictate, write, inform, and endicter to accuse; both fr. LL. indictare to show, to accuse, fr. L. ]
paladin n.
A knight-errant; a distinguished champion; as, the paladins of Charlemagne. [F., fr.It. paladino, fr. L. palatinus an officer of the palace. See Palatine.]
lustre n.
A period of five years; a lustrum. [L. lustrum: cf. F. lustre.]
hast
, 2d pers. sing. pres. of. Fave, contr. of havest.
didst
, the 2d pers. sing. imp. of Do.
ache n.
A name given to several species of plants; as, smallage, wild celery, parsley. Holland. [F. ache, L. apium parsley.]
posy n.
A brief poetical sentiment; hence, any brief sentiment, motto, or legend; especially, one inscribed on a ring. [Contr. fr. poesy.]
promptitude n.
The quality of being prompt; quickness of decision and action when occasion demands; alacrity; as, promptitude in obedience. [F., fr. L. promptitudo. See Prompt, a.]
shalt
2d per. sing. of Shall.
confront v. t.
To stand facing or in front of; to face; esp. to face hostilely; to oppose with firmness.
imminent a.
Threatening to occur immediately; near at hand; impending; -- said especially of misfortune or peril. [L. imminens, p. pr. of imminere to project; pref. im- in + minere (in comp.) to jut, project. See Eminent.]
cavalier n.
A military man serving on horseback; a knight. [F. cavalier, It. cavaliere, LL. caballarius, fr. L. caballus. See Cavalcade, and cf. Cavallier, Caballine.]
went n.
Course; way; path; journey; direction.
awhile adv.
For a while; for some time; for a short time. [Adj. a + while time, interval.]
incredible a.
Not credible; surpassing belief; too extraordinary and improbable to admit of belief; unlikely; marvelous; fabulous. [L. incredibilis: cf. OF. incredible. See In- not, and Credible.]
wotteth
3d pers. sing. pres. of Wit, to know.
defence n.
The act of defending, or the state of being defended; protection, as from violence or danger. [F. défense, OF. defense, fem., defens, masc., fr. L. defensa (cf. Fence.]
savour v. t.
To perceive by the smell or the taste; hence, to perceive; to note. B. Jonson.
onslaught n.
An attack; an onset; esp., a furious or murderous attack or assault. [OE. on on + slaught, slaht, slaughter. See Slaughter.]
whelp n.
One of the young of a dog or a beast of prey; a puppy; a cub; as, a lion's whelps. [AS. hwelp; akin to D. welp, G. & OHG. welf, Icel. hvelpr, Dan. hvalp, Sw. valp.]
doughty a.
Able; strong; valiant; redoubtable; as, a doughty hero.
stayed a.
Staid; fixed; settled; sober; -- now written staid. See Staid.
unconcern n.
Want of concern; absence of anxiety; freedom from solicitude; indifference.
glorious a.
Exhibiting attributes, qualities, or acts that are worthy of or receive glory; noble; praiseworthy; excellent; splendid; illustrious; inspiring admiration; as, glorious deeds. [OF. glorios, glorious, F. glorieux, fr. L. gloriosus. See Glory, n.]
depart v. i.
To part; to divide; to separate. [OE. departen to divide, part, depart, F. départir to divide, distribute, se départir to separate one's self, depart; pref. dé- (L. de) + partir to part, depart,]
thereafter adv.
After that; afterward. [AS. th\'d6ræfter after that. See There, and After.]
afar adv.
At, to, or from a great distance; far away; -- often used with from preceding, or off following; as, he was seen from afar; I saw him afar off. [Pref. a-.(for on or of) + far.]
amid prep.
In the midst or middle of; surrounded or encompassed by; among. [OE. amidde, amiddes, on midden, AS. on middan, in the middle, fr. midde the middle. The s is an adverbial ending, originally marking the genitive; the t is a la]
scimitar n.
A saber with a much curved blade having the edge on the convex side, -- in use among Mohammedans, esp., the Arabs and persians. [F. cimeterre, cf. It. scimitarra, Sp. cimitarra; fr. Biscayan cimetarry with a sharp edge; or corrupted from Per. shimshir.]
minstrelsy n.
The arts and occupation of minstrels; the singing and playing of a minstrel.
forgetful a.
Apt to forget; easily losing remembrance; as, a forgetful man should use helps to strengthen his memory.
wroth a.
Full of wrath; angry; incensed; much exasperated; wrathful. [OE. wroth, wrap, AS. wraedh wroth, crooked, bad; akin to wriedhan to writhe, and to OS. wreedhangry, D. wreed cruel, OHG. reid twisted, Icel. reiedhr angry, Dan]
humour n.
Moisture, especially, the moisture or fluid of animal bodies, as the chyle, lymph, etc.; as, the humors of the eye, etc. [OE. humour, OF. humor, umor, F. humeur, L. humor, umor, moisture, fluid, fr. humere, umere, to be moist. See Humid.]
trumpets n.
A plant (Sarracenia flava) with long, hollow leaves.

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

How Káús wrote to Rustam and summoned him from Zábulistán is in the public domain. This text is taken from The Shahnama of Firdausi, done into English by Arthur George Warner and Edmond Warner, vol. II (Trübner’s Oriental Series), London, 1906; Part III, Suhráb (sections 1 to 25), Internet Archive, the Arthur George Warner and Edmond Warner translation; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: Ferdowsi, How Káús wrote to Rustam and summoned him from Zábulistán, in Rustam and Sohrab (from the Shahnama) (1906), text of Internet Archive, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/ferdowsi-rustam-and-sohrab/12.html, id L29110.

Form and metre

How Káús wrote to Rustam and summoned him from Zábulistán is 127 lines in 9 stanzas. The metre is iambic pentameter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 88%).

See other poems in iambic pentameter.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 1 -----AAA------------------------ rustam · him · bright · host · castle · paladinA · lionA · aloneA · lustre · chiefs · thou · mázandarán · bonds · sword · dark · elephant · lions · ills · warriors · matter · thereof · letter · — · ill · night · have · it · face · zábul · cry · told · warrior
  2. 5 -----A----A awhile · applied · hero · throne · adornment · — · zábulistán · day · us · chief · —
  3. 6 -------A-------A- fear · last · merriment · chiefs · ourselves · lips · — · wayA · awake · trifle · flame · heart · rustam · mace · circumspect · frayA · seriously
  4. 9 ---AA command · trumpets · call · thereinA · paladinA
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against iambic pentameter. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
The Sháh then bade indite to famous Rustam10···˘/·/˘··
A letter, and began by praising him:—10·/˘·˘/·/˘·
"Be thy heart prudent and thy spirit bright.10···/˘··/˘·
Know that a Turkman chieftain with his host10·····/˘···
Hath come and is beleaguering White Castle.11····˘/˘˘·/˘
He is a brave, heroic paladin,10····˘/˘/˘˘
In form an elephant, in heart a lion.11···/˘˘···/˘
None in Írán can fight him; thou alone,10········˘/
That art so good at need, canst dim his lustre,11·········/˘
Thou heart and back-bone of the Íránian chiefs,10··········
Who hast the claws and might of lions! Thou10·······/˘·
Didst take the country of Mázandarán,10···/˘·····
And in Hámávarán undo our bonds.10······˘//·
Sol weepeth at thy mace, and at thy sword10·/˘·······
Mars grilleth. Indigo is not so dark10·/˘/˘·····
As dust-clouds raised by Rakhsh; no elephant10·······/˘˘
Can match thee in the fight; thou lassoest lions;11·······/˘/˘
Thy spear-point scatheth mountains. In all ills10·····/˘···
Thou art the shelter of Írán. The warriors11···/˘····/˘
Through thee exalt their helms. A grievous matter11··˘/···/˘/˘
Confronteth us; I ache to think thereof.10˘/˘·······
The warriors in counsel read a letter11·/˘˘·/˘··/˘
From Gazhdaham and were agreed that Gív10······˘/··
Should bear thee this account of good and ill.10····˘/····
Now when thou readest this by day or night10···/˘·····
Ope not thy lips for words, and if thou have10··········
A posy in thy hand stay not to smell it,11·/˘········
But act with promptitude and show thy face,10···/˘˘····
Because unless thou march forth from Zábul10··········
With wary horsemen and shalt raise the war-cry,11·/˘/˘······
To judge by that which Gazhdaham hath told10··········
None will confront this warrior."8··˘/·/˘˘
This sealed2··
The Sháh gave swift as wind to gallant Gív,9······/˘·
And said: "Be instant, ply thy fleet steed's rein.10···/˘·····
Whenas thou reachest Rustam neither tarry,11/˘·/˘··/˘/˘
Nor sleep, within Zábul; if thou arrive10········˘/
By night return next day. Thus say to him:—10··˘/······
'A war is imminent, and in thine absence11···/˘˘···/˘
We cannot hold the foe of small account.'"10·/˘·····˘/
Gív took it and sped night and day like wind,10··········
No rest, no sleep, no water, and no food,10·····/˘···
Until Zál heard the cry: "A cavalier10········˘/
Approacheth from Írán as swift as dust."10˘/˘·······
The matchless Rustam met him with the troops10·/˘·······
And nobles wearing helmets. When they met,10·/˘/˘/˘···
Gív and the warriors great and small dismounted,11···/˘······
And Rustam too who asked news of the Sháh,10······˘···
And of Írán. They went thence to his palace11·········/˘
To rest awhile. Gív told his errand, gave10··˘/···/˘·
The letter, spake much of Suhráb, delivered11·/˘·····˘/˘
His other tidings and the presents sent.10·/˘/˘··/˘·
When Rustam heard and read he laughed amazed,10········˘/
And said: "A horseman hath appeared like Sám!10···/˘·˘/··
Now from our people this would not be strange,10··//˘·····
But from the Turkmans 'tis incredible.10······˘/˘˘
None sayeth, and I know not, whence he is.9·········
The daughter of the king of Samangán10·/˘·······
Bare me a son but he is still a child.10··········
The noble boy at present wotteth not10·/˘··/˘···
Of warfare, of attack, and self-defence.10·/··˘/··˘/
I sent his mother gold and precious stones10···/˘··/˘·
In plenty, and the messenger brought answer:—11·/˘··/˘˘·/˘
'The darling is not growing very fast,10·/˘··/˘/˘·
But quaffeth wine with lips that savour milk.'10·······/˘·
No doubt he will be eager soon for war,10·····/˘···
And then his onslaught will be lion-like;10···/···/˘·
He will lay low the head of many a horseman;11·······/·/˘
But as for what thou sayest, O paladin!10·······/˘˘
'He came to fight us, vanquished brave Hajír,10·····/˘···
And bound him with the lasso head and foot!'10·····/˘···
The Lion's whelp, though grown both brave and doughty,11·/˘······/˘
Could not do that. Come, go we to Zál's palace,11·········/˘
Rejoicing, then consider plans and who10˘/˘·˘/˘···
This lucky Turkman paladin may be."10·/˘··/˘˘··
They sought the ancestral hall and stayed awhile11···˘/˘···˘/
In unconcern, then Gív again applied10··˘/··˘/˘/
To Rustam, praising him and saying: "Hero,11···/˘··/˘/˘
And chief of paladins! may crown and throne10···/˘˘····
Be bright to thee who art the crown's adornment,11········˘/˘
Thou favourite of fortune! Sháh Káús9·····/˘··
Said thus: 'Sleep not within Zábulistán.10··········
If thou arrive by night return next day,10··˘/··˘/··
For God forbid that war should press on us.'10··˘/······
Now, O exalted and most glorious chief!10··˘/˘··/˘·
Let us depart in all haste to Írán."10··˘/······
But Rustam answered: "There is naught to fear,10···/˘·····
For everything will end in dust at last.10·/˘·······
Abide we here to-day in merriment10˘/·····/˘˘
Naught recking of Káús and of the chiefs.10·/˘·······
One day will we remain to breathe ourselves10····˘/··˘/
And put some liquor to our thirsty lips;10···/˘·//˘·
Thereafter we will hasten to the Sháh9˘/˘··/˘··
And show the heroes of Írán the way10···/˘·····
In case bright fortune be not yet awake.10···/˘···˘/
At all events the matter is a trifle,11··˘/·/˘··/˘
The rising sea will quench the fiercest flame.10·/˘····/˘·
E'en from afar my flag will fray his heart10··˘/······
Amid a feast. How can he be like Rustam—11˘/·········
The master of the scimitar and mace—10·/˘·······
Or Sám the hardy, brave, and circumspect?10···/˘··/˘·
He will not prove so eager for the fray.10·····/˘···
We need not take such matters seriously."11·····/˘/˘˘˘
They took the wine in hand and grew bemused10········˘/
With drinking to the monarch and to Zál.10·/˘··/····
Next morning Rustam though crop-sick made ready11·/˘······/˘
To start, but tarrying through drunkenness10···/˘˘·/˘˘
Gave orders to the cooks to spread a feast.10·/˘·······
The banquet done they held a drinking-bout10·/˘····/˘·
And called for wine and harp and minstrelsy.10·······/˘˘
Next day he held another sunny-bright10····˘/˘/˘·
And on the third day brought out wine at dawn,10··········
Forgetful of Káús. Upon the fourth10˘/˘·······
Gív, ready to depart, said thus to Rustam:—11·/˘·˘/·····
"Káús is rash and hasty; to his mind10·····/˘···
This is no trifle. He was vexed and anxious,11···/˘····/˘
And would not eat or slumber or repose.10·····/˘·˘/
By thus delaying in Zábulistán10··˘/˘·····
We place him in a strait; he will be wroth10··········
And in his headstrong humour seek revenge."10···/·/˘·˘/
But Rustam answered: "Give it not a thought,10···/˘·····
For none will chafe at us."6······
He gave command4··˘/
To saddle Rakhsh and blow the brazen trumpets.11·/˘····/˘/˘
The horsemen of Zábul came at the call10·/˘·······
In mail—a mighty army. He therein10···/˘/˘···
Installed Zawára as chief paladin.10˘/·····/˘˘

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