Thanatopsis

William Cullen Bryant (1794–1878) · 1821–1876

iambic pentameter · unrhymed · 81 lines · from Poems

To him who in the love of Nature holdsCommunion with her visible forms, she speaksA various language; for his gayer hoursShe has a voice of gladness, and a smileAnd eloquence of beauty, and she glidesInto his darker musings, with a mildAnd healing sympathy, that steals awayTheir sharpness, e're he is aware. When thoughtsOf the last bitter hour come like a blightOver thy spirit, and sad imagesOf the stern agony, and shroud, and pall,And breathless darkness, and the narrow house,Make thee to shudder, and grow sick at heart;--Go forth, under the open sky, and listTo Nature's teachings, while from all around--Earth and her waters, and the depths of air,--Comes a still voice--Yet a few days, and theeThe all-beholding sun shall see no moreIn all his course; nor yet in the cold ground,Where thy pale form was laid, with many tears,Nor in the embrace of ocean, shall existThy image. Earth, that nourished thee, shall claimThy growth, to be resolved to earth again,And, lost each human trace, surrendering upThine individual being, shalt thou goTo mix for ever with the elements,To be a brother to the insensible rockAnd to the sluggish clod, which the rude swainTurns with his share, and treads upon. The oakShall send his roots abroad, and pierce thy mould.

Yet not to thine eternal resting-placeShalt thou retire alone--nor couldst thou wishCouch more magnificent. Thou shalt lie downWith patriarchs of the infant world--with kings,The powerful of the earth--the wise, the good,Fair forms, and hoary seers of ages past,All in one mighty sepulchre.--The hillsRock-ribbed and ancient as the sun,--the valesStretching in pensive quietness between;The venerable woods--rivers that moveIn majesty, and the complaining brooksThat make the meadows green; and, poured round all,Old ocean's gray and melancholy waste,--Are but the solemn decorations allOf the great tomb of man. The golden sun,The planets, all the infinite host of heaven,Are shining on the sad abodes of death,Through the still lapse of ages. All that treadThe globe are but a handful to the tribesThat slumber in its bosom.--Take the wingsOf morning--and the Barcan desert pierce,Or lose thyself in the continuous woodsWhere rolls the Oregon, and hears no sound,Save his own dashings--yet--the dead are there:And millions in those solitudes, since firstThe flight of years began, have laid them downIn their last sleep--the dead reign there alone.So shalt thou rest---and what, if thou withdrawUnheeded by the living, and no friendTake note of thy departure? All that breatheWill share thy destiny. The gay will laughWhen thou art gone, the solemn brood of carePlod on, and each one as before will chaseHis favourite phantom; yet all these shall leaveTheir mirth and their employments, and shall come,And make their bed with thee. As the long trainOf ages glide away, the sons of men,The youth in life's green spring, and he who goesIn the full strength of years, matron, and maid,And the sweet babe, and the gray-headed man,--Shall one by one be gathered to thy side,By those, who in their turn shall follow them.

So live, that when thy summons comes to joinThe innumerable caravan, that movesTo that mysterious realm, where each shall takeHis chamber in the silent halls of death,Thou go not like the quarry-slave at night,Scourged to his dungeon, but, sustained and soothedBy an unfaltering trust, approach thy grave,Like one who wraps the drapery of his couchAbout him, and lies down to pleasant dreams.

Words in this poem

breathless a.
Spent with labor or violent action; out of breath.
shall v. i.
To owe; to be under obligation for. [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen,]
shalt
2d per. sing. of Shall.
clod n.
A lump or mass, especially of earth, turf, or clay. [OE. clodde, latter form of clot. See Clot.]
mould n.
Crumbling, soft, friable earth; esp., earth containing the remains or constituents of organic matter, and suited to the growth of plants; soil. [OE. molde, AS. molde; akin to D. mul, G. mull, mulm, OHG. molt, molta, Icel. mold, Dan. muld, Sw. mull, Goth. mulda, and E. meal flour. See Meal, and cf. Mole a]
hoary a.
White or whitish."The hoary willows."
sepulchre n.
The place in which the dead body of a human being is interred, or a place set apart for that purpose; a grave; a tomb. [OE. sepulcre, OF. sepulcre, F. sépulcre, fr. L. sepulcrum, sepulchrum, fr. sepelire to bury.]
handful n.
As much as the hand will grasp or contain. [AS. handfull.]
departure n.
Division; separation; putting away. [From Depart.]
plod v. i.
To travel slowly but steadily; to trudge. [Gf. Gael. plod a clod, a pool; also, to strike or pelt with a clod or clods.]
babe n.
An infant; a young child of either sex; a baby. [Cf. Ir. bab, baban, W. baban, maban.]
dungeon n.
A close, dark prison, commondonjon or keep of a castle, these being used as prisons. [OE. donjoun highest tower of a castle, tower, prison, F. donjon tower or platform in the midst of a castle, turret, or closet on the top of a house, a keep of a]

Definitions and etymologies from Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.

About this text

Thanatopsis is in the public domain. This text is taken from Poems by William Cullen Bryant, Project Gutenberg ebook #16341; the transcription's header, footer and licence were removed and nothing else was changed. You may copy, print and reuse it freely.

Cite as: William Cullen Bryant, Thanatopsis, in Poems (1821–1876), text of Project Gutenberg ebook #16341, Laurel, https://laurelpoetry.com/poem/bryant-poems/thanatopsis.html, id L07248.

Form and metre

Thanatopsis is 81 lines in 3 verse paragraphs. It is unrhymed, as far as the pronouncing dictionary can tell. The metre is iambic pentameter, measured from the stress the words themselves fix (confidence 84%). 94% of its stressed syllables fall where the metre puts the beat. The lines average 10.1 syllables. 3 lines end on an unstressed syllable, a feminine ending. 59% of the lines run on without a stop at the line end.

See other poems in iambic pentameter, other poems in blank verse.

Measured by Laurel's pipeline, not copied from a handbook: how stress and metre are counted, how rhyme is lettered, how a drifted rhyme is found. Where the dictionary cannot confirm a rhyme the letter is withheld, not guessed.

Rhyme words, stanza by stanza

The word that ends each line, lettered by the rhyme it makes; a dash is a line whose rhyme the dictionary could not confirm.

  1. 1 -------------AB---B-A-C----C-- holds · speaks · hours · smile · glides · mild · away · thoughts · blight · images · pall · house · heart · listA · aroundB · air · thee · more · groundB · tears · existA · claim · againC · up · go · elements · rock · swainC · oak · mould
  2. 2 --------------AA-------------------------- place · wish · down · kings · good · past · hills · vales · between · move · brooks · all · waste · all · sunA · heavenA · death · tread · tribes · wings · pierce · woods · sound · there · first · down · alone · withdraw · friend · breathe · laugh · care · chase · leave · come · train · men · goes · maid · man · side · them
Scansion, line by line

Each line with its syllable count and the stresses the words themselves fix: / stressed, ˘ unstressed, · a syllable the word leaves free and the metre decides. Read against iambic pentameter. How this is done.

LineSyl.Stress
To him who in the love of Nature holds10·······/˘·
Communion with her visible forms, she speaks10˘/˘··/˘···
A various language; for his gayer hours11·/˘/˘··/˘/˘
She has a voice of gladness, and a smile10·····/˘···
And eloquence of beauty, and she glides10·/˘˘·/˘···
Into his darker musings, with a mild10···/˘/˘···
And healing sympathy, that steals away10·/˘/˘˘··˘/
Their sharpness, e're he is aware. When thoughts10·/˘···˘/··
Of the last bitter hour come like a blight10···/˘/····
Over thy spirit, and sad images10···/˘··/˘˘
Of the stern agony, and shroud, and pall,10···/˘˘····
And breathless darkness, and the narrow house,10·/˘/˘··/˘·
Make thee to shudder, and grow sick at heart;--10···/˘·····
Go forth, under the open sky, and list10·····/˘···
To Nature's teachings, while from all around--10·/˘/˘·····
Earth and her waters, and the depths of air,--10···/˘·····
Comes a still voice--Yet a few days, and thee10··········
The all-beholding sun shall see no more10··˘/˘·····
In all his course; nor yet in the cold ground,10··········
Where thy pale form was laid, with many tears,10·······/˘·
Nor in the embrace of ocean, shall exist10···˘/·/·˘/
Thy image. Earth, that nourished thee, shall claim10·/˘··/˘···
Thy growth, to be resolved to earth again,10····˘/··˘/
And, lost each human trace, surrendering up10···/˘·˘/˘·
Thine individual being, shalt thou go10··˘/˘˘/···
To mix for ever with the elements,10···/˘··/˘˘
To be a brother to the insensible rock11···/˘··˘/˘·
And to the sluggish clod, which the rude swain10···/˘·····
Turns with his share, and treads upon. The oak10··········
Shall send his roots abroad, and pierce thy mould.10····˘/····
Yet not to thine eternal resting-place10····˘/˘/˘·
Shalt thou retire alone--nor couldst thou wish10··˘/˘/····
Couch more magnificent. Thou shalt lie down10··˘/˘˘····
With patriarchs of the infant world--with kings,11·/˘···/˘···
The powerful of the earth--the wise, the good,10·/˘·······
Fair forms, and hoary seers of ages past,10···/˘··/˘·
All in one mighty sepulchre.--The hills9···/˘····
Rock-ribbed and ancient as the sun,--the vales10···/˘·····
Stretching in pensive quietness between;10/˘·/˘/˘˘··
The venerable woods--rivers that move10·/˘˘˘·/˘··
In majesty, and the complaining brooks10·/˘˘··˘/˘·
That make the meadows green; and, poured round all,10···/······
Old ocean's gray and melancholy waste,--10·/˘··/˘·˘·
Are but the solemn decorations all10···/˘·˘/˘·
Of the great tomb of man. The golden sun,10·······/˘·
The planets, all the infinite host of heaven,10·/˘··/˘··/
Are shining on the sad abodes of death,10·/˘···˘/··
Through the still lapse of ages. All that tread10·····/˘···
The globe are but a handful to the tribes10·····/····
That slumber in its bosom.--Take the wings10·/˘··/˘···
Of morning--and the Barcan desert pierce,10·/˘····/˘·
Or lose thyself in the continuous woods10··˘/··˘/˘·
Where rolls the Oregon, and hears no sound,10···/˘·····
Save his own dashings--yet--the dead are there:10···/˘·····
And millions in those solitudes, since first10·/˘··/˘···
The flight of years began, have laid them down10····˘/····
In their last sleep--the dead reign there alone.10········˘/
So shalt thou rest---and what, if thou withdraw10········˘/
Unheeded by the living, and no friend10˘/˘··/˘···
Take note of thy departure? All that breathe10····˘/˘···
Will share thy destiny. The gay will laugh10···/˘˘····
When thou art gone, the solemn brood of care10·····/˘···
Plod on, and each one as before will chase10··········
His favourite phantom; yet all these shall leave11····/˘·····
Their mirth and their employments, and shall come,10····˘/˘···
And make their bed with thee. As the long train10··········
Of ages glide away, the sons of men,10·/˘·˘/····
The youth in life's green spring, and he who goes10··········
In the full strength of years, matron, and maid,10······/˘··
And the sweet babe, and the gray-headed man,--10·······/˘·
Shall one by one be gathered to thy side,10·····/˘···
By those, who in their turn shall follow them.10·······/˘·
So live, that when thy summons comes to join10·····/˘···
The innumerable caravan, that moves10·˘/˘˘/˘···
To that mysterious realm, where each shall take10··˘/˘·····
His chamber in the silent halls of death,10·/˘··/˘···
Thou go not like the quarry-slave at night,10·····/˘···
Scourged to his dungeon, but, sustained and soothed10···/˘·˘/··
By an unfaltering trust, approach thy grave,11·······˘/··
Like one who wraps the drapery of his couch10·····/˘···
About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams.10·······/˘·

The reader shows the same poem with its rhymes coloured and a stress row above each line, the notes beside their stanzas, and any word's definition on a tap; the analysis page takes the whole book apart. How every part of this site was made.

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